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Physiology and Neuroscience Semester 2 > The cortex and localisation of function > Flashcards

The cortex and localisation of function Flashcards

1
Q

What is grey matter?

A

Thin (6-8mm) folded sheet of grey matter

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2
Q

What are the grooves in the brain?

A

Sulci (sulcus)

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3
Q

What are the ridges of the brain?

A

Gyri (gyrus)

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4
Q

What makes up the white matter?

A

Corpus callosum

Internal capsule

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5
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

Structure that links cortex of two cerebral hemisphere

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6
Q

What is the internal capsule?

A

Structure that links the cortex with the brain

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7
Q

Why does folding in the brain occur?

A

Accommodate massive increases in area of cortex

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8
Q

How much does the cortex represent the human brain?

A

80%

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9
Q

How much does the cortex represent the rat brain?

A

30%

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10
Q

What is the Paleocortex/Archicortex?

A

Phylogenetically oldest part of cortex

Olfaction, emotions and memory

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11
Q

What is the Neocortex (new cortex)?

A

Additional sensory areas (e.g. vision)

More sophisticated motor areas

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12
Q

What do primary areas of the cortex receive?

A

Input (sensory) or give rise to a direct output (motor)

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13
Q

What is the association cortex?

A

Most recent, most expanded cortex

Responsible for most complex cognitive functions e.g. speech and language

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14
Q

How much does the association cortex take up in different mammalian brains?

A

5% cat brain
20% chimp brain
30% human brain

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15
Q

What was Penfield study?

A

Effects of electrical stimulation of the cortex in conscious patients being prepared for brain surgery
Located a region where stimulation produced muscle twitches

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16
Q

What did Penfield discover?

A

Mapping between areas of motor cortex and muscles of the body
Somatotopic map

17
Q

In what way is the motor map distorted?

A

Face and hands (fine control) have largest representation- motor homunculusAn are where stimulation produced sensations of numbness or tingling
Somatotopic map within stip of sensory cortex

18
Q

What is the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

An are where stimulation produced sensations of numbness or tingling
Somatotopic map within stip of sensory cortex

19
Q

What is the somatotopic map in the sensory cortex like?

A

Has a greater representation of body parts (tongue, face, hands) with a high degree of sensitivity and spatial discrimination represented by sensory homunculus

20
Q

What is decussation?

A

Crossing of pathways from one side to another

Pathways providing connections between primary sensory and motor areas and the periphery are crossed

21
Q

What is Broca’s area aphasia?

A

Inability to speak while retaining comprehension of verbal and written instructions

22
Q

Where is Broca’s area

A

Specfific region of the brain close to the motor cortex

23
Q

What is Broca’s areas function?

A

Thought to produce instructions for co-ordinated movements (of lips, tongue, mouth and larynx) for producing speech

24
Q

When is the corpus callosum cut?

A

A commisurectomy is used as a treatment for intractable epilepsy

25
Q

What are the hemispheric asymmetries for most CNS structures?

A

Bilateral and symmetrical

26
Q

What do some cortical functions show

A

Hemispheric asymmetry

Two hemispheres perform different functions

27
Q

If an individual is right handed what does that mean?

A

Superior motor co-ordination of right hand

28
Q

What did Sperry identify in the 1960s?

A

Most patients could name objects identified by feel if placed in right hand but not if held in the left

29
Q

Where is speech predominantly functioning?

A

On the left hemisphere in 93% of the population

30
Q

What is the Wada Procedure?

A

Injection of short-acting anaesthetic into left internal carotid artery
Selectivity anaesthetises left cerebral hemisphere
Produces paralysis and loss of sensation on right side of body
Patients remain conscious
Most (93%) lose the ability to speak

Physiology and Neuroscience Semester 2 (20 decks)

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