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Physiology and Neuroscience Semester 2 > Disorders of CNS myelin > Flashcards

Disorders of CNS myelin Flashcards

1
Q

What gives white matter its colour?

A

Myelin

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2
Q

What does white matter contain?

A

Axons

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3
Q

What gives white mater its insulative properties?

A

Rich lipid

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4
Q

Where is myelin present?

A

Central and peripheral nervous systems?

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5
Q

How is CNS myelin formed?

A

By oligodendrocytes

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6
Q

What does each CNS myelin cell form?

A

With a few exceptions, each cell forms myelinated internodes

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7
Q

What is CNS myelin’s major structural protein?

A

PLP/DM20

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8
Q

How is PNS myelin formed?

A

By Schwann cells

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9
Q

What does each PNS myelin cell form?

A

A single myelinated internode

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10
Q

What is PNS myelin’s major structural protein?

A

PO

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11
Q

What is saltuatory conduction?

A

‘Jumping’ between nodes of ranvier i.e. conduction between nodes

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12
Q

What does each oligodedrocyte have?

A

Several processes each of which maintains a myelin sheath often on different axons

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13
Q

Several processes each of which maintains a myelin sheath often on different axons

A

A single myelin sheath

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14
Q

What does the cytoplasm filled space allow?

A

Communication

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15
Q

What is a paranode?

A

Next to node of ranvier, where myelin sheath is anchored to the axon

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16
Q

What is a juxtaparanode?

A

In between internode and paranode

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17
Q

What does the myelinated CNS axon contain?

A

Microtubules, neurofilament and actin

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18
Q

What does the non-compact myelin contain?

A

Microtubules and actin

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19
Q

What does myelin sheath thickness correlate with?

A

Axonal diameter

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20
Q

What is G-ratio?

A

Axon diameter/fibre diameter

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21
Q

What is the G-ratio approx in humans?

A

0.6

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22
Q

What does a single oligodendrocyte produce?

A

5,000- 50,000 microns2 of myelin membrane surface area/day during development (Pfeiffer et al, 1993)

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23
Q

What is the approx length of a single oligodendrocyte?

A

10mm diameter

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24
Q

What happens to myelin composition in the absence of cholestrol?

A

Can not be made

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25
Q

What is the composition of myelin?

A

Cholestrol 27%
Glycosphingolipids 32%
Phospholipids 44%

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26
Q

What are the two major structural proteins in CNS myelin?

A 
Myelin basic protein (MBP, approx 20%)
Proteolipid protein (PLP, approx 50%)
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27
Q

What is the diameter of myelinated axons?

A

6 um

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28
Q

What is the diameter of unmyelinated axons?

A

500 um

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29
Q

What does increasing diameter do for conduction?

A

Increases conduction velocity

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30
Q

How does myelin accelerate conduction velocity

A

Because sodium channels only at nodes at very high density

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31
Q

What is conduction speed for unmyelinated axons?

A

Slow

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32
Q

What is conduction speed for myelinated axons?

A

Fast

33
Q

What is myelin?

A

An electrical insulator sheath wrapped around axons

34
Q

What are the short gaps in myelin alongs axons?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

35
Q

What is the function of Nodes of Ranvier?

A

Increases speed of action potential propagation

36
Q

What are the main disorders of CNS myelin?

A

Multiple Sclerosis
Stroke
Genetic Leukodystrophies

37
Q

What is Multiple Sclerosis?

A

Aetiology- autoimmune
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease
>100,000 patients in UK (1/500 of the Scottish population)

38
Q

What is Stroke?

A

Due to clock in blood flow to the CNS
Oligodendrocytes highly susceptible to ischemia (lack of O2)
Incidence per 100,000/year: Men 202, Women 160
Approx. 20% fatal, >1 million survivors in UK

39
Q

What is genetic leukodystrophies?

A

Primary genetic lesion affecting myelin or myelinating cells (e.g. PLP in Pelizaeus Merzbacher disease)
Progressive clinical course
Rare approximately 2/100,000 births for all forms

40
Q

What are examples of mutations in myelin genes that lead to neurological disorders?

A

Pelizaeus Mercbacher disease (PMD) and spastic paraplegia type 2

41
Q

What are the genetic orders in myelin genes due to?

A

Mutations in proteolipid proteins (PLP1) gene

42
Q

What is expressed in oligodendrocytes that lead to genetic disorders?

A

PLP and its smaller isoform DM20 expressed in olgiodendocytes
>100 mutations, identified in the X-linked PLP1 gene

43
Q

What is PMD?

A

A prototypic leukodystrophy characterised by a widespread hypomyelination of the CNS

44
Q

What are the symptoms of PMD?

A

Impaired motor development, mystagmus (abnormal movements), ataxia, choreoathetosis (abnormal movements of the upper limbs), cognitive impairment

45
Q

What are the mouse models of PMD?

A

Spontaneously occuring mutations in mice and rats e.g. rumpshaker and jimpy, mice and the myelin deficient rat
Transgenic animals e.g. PLP1 gene knockout mice, PLP1 overexpressing mice and rats

46
Q

What causes CNS hypomyelination in mice?

A

Point mutation in PLP1 gene

47
Q

What is adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD)?

A

Caused by mutations in the X-linked gene (not known as) adenosine triphosphate binding cassette transporter (ABCD1) gene

48
Q

What does X-ALD code for?

A

A peroxisomal membrane protein (ALDP)

49
Q

What are peroziomes?

A

Ubiquitous organelles that detoxify reactive oxygen species, B-oxidation of long fatty acids, synthesise plasmalogens

50
Q

Who does X-ALD affect?

A

Approx. 1:20,000 males (X linked recessive)

51
Q

What happens in X-ALD?

A

Adrenal atrophy
Extensive demyelination
Perivascular accumulation of lymphocytes and plasma cells in the CNS
Accumulation of very long chain fatty acids in adrenal cortical cells and microglial
Markedly shortened lifespan

52
Q

What is used to treat ALD?

A

Gene therapy

53
Q

What was done by Cartier et al (2009) to treat ALD?

A

Transduced haematopoietic stem cells of two patients with a lentivirus encoding for a functional ABCD1 and transplanted back into the patients
Low levels of ABCD1-expression in peripheral blood cells (only 15% of leukocytes produced ABCD1)
Progressive cerebral demyelination stopped in both patients and the levels of very long chain fatty acids in the plasma as indicators for disease activity decreased

54
Q

What is used in gene therapy for treating X-ALD?

A

Haematopoietic stem cell gene therapy with a lentiviral vector

55
Q

What is M.S,?

A

Inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS- considered to have an autoimmune aetiology?

56
Q

What is the lifetime risk for northern European Caucasians of getting MS?

A

1 in 400

57
Q

What is the most common cause of neurological disability in young adults?

A

MS

58
Q

How many people does MS affect in the UK?

A

approx 80,000

59
Q

What is the prevalence of MS in Scotland?

A

> 200 per 100,000

60
Q

Who’s more likely to get MS?

A

Women

61
Q

What does MS cause?

A

Chronic disability

62
Q

What is the cause of MS?

A

unknown

63
Q

What is demyelination associated with?

A

An invasion of T cells and macrophages (inflammation

64
Q

What do T cells do?

A

Normally detect bacterial or viral infections

65
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

“Called up” to kill bacteria or infected cells

66
Q

What has been used to block inflamamtion and cure MS?

A

Sterois
Interferon-B
Natalizumab
FTY720

67
Q

What did steroids do as MS treatment?

A

Used for acute relapses

68
Q

What did Interferon-B do as MS treatment?

A

30% reduction in acute disease activity

69
Q

What did Natalizumab do as MS treatment?

A

60% reduction in acute disease activity

70
Q

What did FTY720 do as MS treatment?

A

60% reduction in acute disease actitvity

71
Q

What were the problems with these substances used to block inflammation in MS?

A

Many non responders
Far less effective in progressive MS
No effect on accumulation of disability

72
Q

What causes axonal damage?

A 
Soluble inflammatory products
Glutamate toxicity 
Cytotoxic CD8 T cells
Autoantibodies
Demyelination
73
Q

What are some examples of soluble inflammatory products?

A

Nitric oxide, lipases, proteases, cytokines

74
Q

What causes demyelination?

A

Exarcebrates effects of NO
Disrupts trophic support
Aberrant ion channel expression
Exposure of “neo-antigenic targets”

75
Q

What does myelin provide?

A

Metabolic support for axons

76
Q

What does NO mediate?

A

Acute conduction block

77
Q

What is NO associated with?

A

Axonal damage

78
Q

How can effects of NO be exacerbated?

A

Demyelination

High frequency transmission

79
Q

What should treatment for MS combine?

A

Anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective strategies

Physiology and Neuroscience Semester 2 (20 decks)

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