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Physiology and Neuroscience Semester 2 > Movement > Flashcards

Movement Flashcards

1
Q

What are involuntary movements?

A

Automatic
e.g. flexion
Withdrawal reflex

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2
Q

What are voluntary movements

A

Conscious control
e.g. visually guided
reaching movement

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3
Q

What does skilled movement involve?

A

Motor learning and memory

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4
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

Factual information
Life events
Available to consciousness
Easily formed/forgotten

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5
Q

What is non-declarative memory?

A

E.g. Procedural memory
Motor skills
Not available to consciousness
Less easily formed/forgotten

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6
Q

What are the ballistic movements?

A

Pre-programmed

Movements largely based on a set of pre-programmed instructions called ballistic movements

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7
Q

How fast and accurate are ballistic movements?

A

Rapid but at expense of accuracy- little opportunity for compensation for unexpected changes e.g. striking a cricket ball, returning a tennis serve

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8
Q

What is the pursuit of visual feedback movements?

A

Motor command continually updated according to sensory feedback (e.g. visual)

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9
Q

How fast and accurate is the pursuit of visual feedback movements?

A

Highly accurate (can be modified while in progress) but slow e.g. visual tracking

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10
Q

What does the pursuit of visual feedback movements involve?

A

Mixture of both feedback and ballistic strategies

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11
Q

Where can evidence for the SMA (supplementary motor area) be found?

A

Activity in the SMA, M1, S1 during finger movement task

Only when the movement is mentally rehearsed

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12
Q

What is sensory information crucial for?

A

Co-ordinated movement

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13
Q

What is proprioception?

A

Feedback from peripheral sensory receptors on the positions and movements of limbs- somatic sensory cortex

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14
Q

What is vision?

A

eyes, visual system and visual cortex

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15
Q

What the vestibular system?

A

Feedback from organs of balance subcortical

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16
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex?

A

Decision to make movement

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17
Q

What is the supplementary motor are and premotor area?

A

Planning of movements (imaging studies and movement rehearsal)

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18
Q

What is the primary motor cortex?

A

Distorted motor map

Main source of ouput signals producing muscle contraction

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19
Q

What is the sensory cortex?

A

Somatic sensory and visual cortex feedback information on the positions of limbs in relation to environment

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20
Q

What is decussation of pathways?

A

Pathways providing connections between primary sensory and motor areas and the periphery are crossed

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21
Q

What do the functions lost in a stroke depend on?

A

Dependent on the extent of the haemorrhage

22
Q

What is a stroke?

A

Paralysiss and loss of sensation will be contralateral to the side of the haemorrhage

23
Q

What are the basal ganglia and cerebellum?

A

Main non-cortical brain structures involved in the control of movement

24
Q

Where does input usually go for the basal ganglia?

A

Prefrontal cortex- intended movement

25
Q

Where does output usually go for the basal ganglia?

A

Pre-motor area (via thalamus)

26
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

Initiation of movement- putting motor plan into action

Planning of complex voluntary movement

27
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease?

A

Difficulty in initiating movement (tremor)

28
Q

What is Huntington’s disease?

A

Random involuntary movements

29
Q

What are the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Tremors, hypokinesia, progressing to general cognitive decline

30
Q

What is the pathology in the basal ganglia of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Loss of dopaminergic neurones

31
Q

What are treatments of Parkinson’s disease?

A

DOPA

Deep brain stimulation

32
Q

What is DOPA?

A

Precursor to dopamine

33
Q

What are the symptoms of Huntington’s disease?

A

Choreas
Difficulty speaking and swallowing
Progressing to general cognitive decline

34
Q

What part of the brain does Huntington’s disease affect?

A

Basal ganglia

Inherited- triplet repeat disease

35
Q

Where does the input of the cerebellum go?

A

Mainly sensory cortex

36
Q

Where does the output of the cerebellum go?

A

To primary cortex (via thalamus)

37
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Co-ordination and smooth execution of movements

Motor learning, detection

38
Q

What does damage to the cerebellum produce?

A

Cerebellular ataxia- poor co-ordination

39
Q

What are the lateral pathways?

A

Corticospinal and rubrospinal

40
Q

Where do the pyramidal neurones in M1 project in lateral pathways?

A

To the spinal cord (corticospinal tract) and red nucleus (rubrospinal tract)

41
Q

What is the main function of lateral pathways?

A

Control of voluntary movement e.g. distal muscles- fine control of hand

42
Q

What are ventromedial pathways?

A

Control of axial (trunk)- control of posture

Descending systems synapse on motoneurones or on interneurones in the spinal cord

43
Q

What is the main function of ventromedial pathways?

A

Mainly control proximal and axial (trunk) muscles and maintain posture

44
Q

What are skeletal muscle fibres innervated by?

A

Alpha motoneurones

45
Q

What do motoneurones provide?

A

Final common output

46
Q

What does each motor axon branch to do?

A

Innervate from 3 (e.g. ocular) to 1000 (e.g. gastrocnemius)

47
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

Motoneurone and the muscle fibres it innervate form a functional unit called a motor unit

48
Q

What do motoneurones pools of each muscle form?

A

Columns in the ventral horn

49
Q

What are collections of motoneurones in the ventral horn called?

A

Motonuclei

50
Q

What in practice is the most important mechanism for grading force muscle force?

A

Recruitment of motor units

Physiology and Neuroscience Semester 2 (20 decks)

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