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Haematology > The Constituents of Blood and Eyrthropoiesis > Flashcards

The Constituents of Blood and Eyrthropoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the liquid of blood called?

A

Plasma

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2
Q

What is serum?

A

This is the name given to plasma when clotting factors are removed.

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3
Q

Where is bone marrow found in adults?

A

Axial skeleton

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4
Q

What are the 2 subgroups that can be produced by multiple progenitor cells?

A

Myeloid

Lymphoid

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5
Q

Can precursor cells be easily identified?

A

No, they require immunophenotyping to identify them by the antigens they express.

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6
Q

Do RBCs have a nucleus?

A

No

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7
Q

Why are reticulocytes purple?

A

They are immature RBCs that have not yet lost their residual RNA.

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8
Q

What cell produces platelets?

A

Megakaryocyte

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9
Q

What are the 3 forms of granulocyte?

A

Eosinophil
Basophil
Neutrophil

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10
Q

What colour do eosinophils stain?

A

Red/Pink

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11
Q

What colour do basophils stain?

A

Blue

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12
Q

What is the most common WBC?

A

Neutrophils

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13
Q

How do neutrophils attack a pathogen?

A

Phagocytosis

Degranulation (which activates the complement system)

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14
Q

When are eosinophils typically elevated?

A

Allergic conditions

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15
Q

What is the role of a monocyte when it is in tissue?

A

Acts as a macrophage.

Carries out phagocytosis and acts as an APC.

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16
Q

When are lymphocytes elevated?

A

Viral infection

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17
Q

What is the single best test used to identify haematopoietic stem cells?

A

Immunophenotyping

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18
Q

Where is the most common site of bone marrow biopsy?

A

Posterior iliac crests.

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19
Q

What is the benefit to RBCs having a biconcave shape?

A

Allows for a high surface area:volume ratio.

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20
Q

Do RBCs have mitochondria?

A

No - as a result they can only carry out glycolysis.

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21
Q

How do RBCs produce energy?

A

Glycolysis only - there are no mitochondria to carry out the citric acid cycle.

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22
Q

Which form of iron is needed to bind haemoglobin?

A

Fe2+

23
Q

What controls erythropoiesis?

A

Oxygen

24
Q

What chemical is released from the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney to increase RBC production?

A

Erythropoietin

25
Q

Why is erythropoietin released?

A

To combat hypoxia.

26
Q

What can cause a failure in erythropoietin production?

A

Kidney disease

Can be given exogenously to circumvent this.

27
Q

Where is the main place for RBC breakdown?

A

The spleen.

28
Q

How is heme broken down?

A

It is split into iron and porphyrin.

The porphyrin ring is then degraded to unconjugated bilirubin, which is then stored in the liver.

29
Q

What can cause the oxidation of Fe2+ into Fe3+?

A

Free radicals (e.g. HPO)

These can damage RBCs.

30
Q

What is Fe3+ within Hb called?

A

MetHb

31
Q

What acts to defend against hydrogen peroxide (a free radical)?

A

Glutathione

This oxidises HPO to prevent its action.

32
Q

What regenerates glutathione?

A

NADPH

This is limited by G6PD.

33
Q

What inheritance is seen in G6PD disorders?

A

X-linked

This is more common in males.

34
Q

How is most of the body’s CO2 carried to the lungs?

A

Bicarbonate

35
Q

How many molecules of oxygen are held on each Hb molecule?

A

4

36
Q

What globin chains are involved in adult Hb?

A

2 alpha

2 beta

37
Q

What globin chains are involved in foetal Hb?

A

2 alpha

2 gamma

38
Q

What role does generation of 2-3DPG have on O2 saturation?

A

It causes it to drop, producing a greater O2 release at tissues.

39
Q

What is haemopoiesis?

A

The formation of blood cells.

40
Q

What is the lifespan of a RBC?

A

120 days

41
Q

What is the lifespan of a neutrophil?

A

7-8 hours

42
Q

What is the lifespan of a platelet?

A

7-10 days

43
Q

If haemopoiesis is stopped, which cell will be first to disappear?

A

Neutrophils - as these have the shortest lifespan.

44
Q

What are myelocytes?

A

A precursor of both myeloblasts and neutrophils.

45
Q

What cell is the only one capable of self-renewal?

A

Haematopoietic stem cells.

46
Q

What is maturation?

A

Acquiring of function/proteins of a specific cell type.

47
Q

At which week of development does the bone marrow take over as the predominant site of haematopoiesis?

A

Week 16

48
Q

Which 2 systems allow blood to enter the bone marrow?

A

Periosteal arteries

Nutrient artery system

49
Q

What happens to marrow cellularity with age?

A

It decreases.

Haematopoietic cells become replaced with fat.

50
Q

What is the myeloid:erythroid ratio?

A

Refers to the proportion of granulocyte precursors to erythrocyte precursors.

Myeloid should be higher as these need replaced more rapidly.

51
Q

What does a greater number of myeloid precursors than erythroid precursors indicate?

A

Normal patient.

52
Q

What does a greater number of erythroid precursors than myeloid precursors indicate?

A

Haemolysis - a compensatory mechanism.

53
Q

What stimulates neutrophil development?

A

G-CSF

54
Q

What test is used to identify cells which are morphologically indistinguishable?

A

Immunophenotyping

Haematology (20 decks)

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