The Cold War- Civil Rights Movement Flashcards
What Happened in the Yalta Conference? STALIN CHURCHILL AND ROOSEVELT
- Agree to divide Germany into four zones occupied by the French, British, USA and the Soviet Union
- Stalin promised to give Eastern European countries free elections after the war
What was established in place of the League of Nations?
The United Nations
What was the Soviet Unions post war goal?
To shield itself from another invasion from the west and to spread communism. And wanted to use Eastern Europe as the shield or buffer wall of protection
What was the major goal of the USA?
To spread democracy
What happens in the Potsdam Conference?
- Stalin said he was not going to allow free elections in Eastern Europe
- He declared that communism and capitalism could not exist in the same world (* The Cold War began)
What two German states did the Soviet Union not give up?
Federal Republic of Germany- West Germany
German Democratic Republic- East Germany
What was the Cold War?
A struggle over political difference/ideologies carried on by means short of military action or war. * Struggle to see if the political ideas of democracy or communism would rule the world
What was the US foreign policy?
Containment- blocking and stopping the spreading of communism and spreading of democracy
What was the Truman Doctrine?
Gave US aid and support to any country that resisted and rejected communism (Turkey and Greece)
What was the Marshall Plan?
Assistance aid program to rebuild Western Europe after the war ($12.5 billion) the only requirement was to stay away from communism (named after Secretary of State Georgia Marshall)
The USA offered to do the same for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe but the Soviets refused
What was the Berlin Airlift?
The first conflict in the Cold War
Soviet demanded Berlin, because it was in the Soviet sector.
They set up a blockade around West Berlin! (Island of Democracy)
Western Berlin faced starvation
Next 11 months the Americans and British airlifted food and supplies in to the people of WB- Soviets gave up and lifted the blockade in 1949
What were the two rival alliances formed during the Cold War?
- NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) led by the USA, Canada and Western Europe
- Warsaw Pact led by the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe
What countries didn’t join the alliance?
China and India
What are the two bombs developed in the Cold War during the Nuclear Age?
H-Bombs (Hydrogen) developed that were thousand of times more powerful than A- Bombs
What was Brinkmanship?
Willingness to go to the brink, or edge of war created huge tension between the two superpowers. For the next 40 years there was an arms race (build up of nuclear weapons)
How long was the Berlin Wall and what did Winston Churchill call it?
87 miles long
Iron Curtain
What was the Bay of Pigs?
CIA trained Cuban exiles to invade Cuba
It failed miserably
Cuba turned to the Soviet Union for protection
What was the Cuban Missile Crisis?
USA set up a blockade of the Island
US reconnaissance plane shot down
Rudolf Anderson - pilot and only casualty in incident
CLOSEST WE EVER CAME TO NUCLEAR WAR
Who did France control during Imperialism?
All of Indochina, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia.
Who did the communists and Ho Chi Minh revolt against?
The French( French Indochina War) The revolt was crushed and he had to flee in exile
When did Japan seize and take over Vietnam?
1941
What did Ho Chin Minh fight to do during the war?
To drive out the Japanese
What group did Ho Chin Minh form, and what was the goal?
Vietminh Independence league and to get independence from France
Who did USA support during the Vietnam War?
France- Democracy
Who did the Soviet Union support during the Vietnam War?
Th Communists
Who wins the war in 1954?
The communists
Why was USA greatly concerned during the Vietnam War? (Domino Theory)
They feared the rest of Southeast Asia would fall like dominoes to the communists.
What did the USA convince the UN to do?
To divide Vietnam into two parts (17 degrees north latitude) ( north and south) - have free elections
Who was South Vietnam’s Democratic Government led by?
Ngo Dinh Diem
Brutal dictator
What was Vietcong?
Communist guerillas led opposition to Diem backed by the peasants they looked to take over South Vietnam
What happens in the 1964 Tonkin Incident?
Congresses authorizes President Lyndon Johnson to send in troops
Vietnam War begins for the USA
By 1968 over__________ US troops fighting in Vietnam?
Half a million
What problems did the US Army face?
Fighting a guerilla war in unfamiliar territory
The South Vietnamese government was very unpopular
What was the US tactic to win the Vietnam War?
Search and Destroy
What was problem as with the US tactic? So what did they do? What was it known as? Lastly, the result?
Could not find the enemy because of the underground tunnel the Vietnamese dug
They turned to air power (bombing) “Operation Rolling Thunder”
Created mor peasant opposition and the war eventually b came unpopular in the USA and it was the first televised war
What was the youth driven counterculture known as?
Hippies- flower children
Who was the anti war and anti government protest movement led by?
College students
What were the anti war and pro war sides known as?
Doves- anti war and Hawks- pro war
In 1969 President Richard Nixon pressured into a new plan called Vietnamization, what was it?
A gradual pull out of US troops replaced by South Vietnamese troops
What happened in the 1970 Kent State Protests?
4 college students were killed
What happened in the 1973 Paris Accords?
All US troops are pulled out and South Vietnam keeps independence
What happened when the North reneged in 1975?
South Vietnam fell to the communists
What were the results of the Vietnam War?
58,000 US troops died
2 million Vietnamese died
Only war in US history that we lost
What happened to Cambodia in 1975-1979?
It was taken over by the communists (Khmer Rouge) led by Pol Pot
Killed over 1.5 million people!
What was the Civil Rights Movement?
A hundred year struggle for FREEDOM for African Americans
The goal of the movement was freedom from discrimination, equal opportunity in employment, education and housing the right to vote
What was the Dred Scott Supreme Court Decision?
Over territory where a free slave lived free state
No rights which a white man was bound to respect
When did the Civil War end?
1965
What did the 13th amendment do?
Abolish slavery
What did the 14th amendment do?
Granted citizenship to Blacks
What did the 15th amendment do?
Gave blacks the right to vote
When and what was the reconstruction period?
1865-1877
Whites took back control of the south- blacks relegated to 2nd class citizens
Blacks were not totally freed!
What did Discrimination and Intimidation keep blacks from doing?
Couldn’t vote through poll taxes, literacy tests and intimidation by the KKK
What were the Jim Crow Laws?
Segregation laws
What did the Plessey vs. Ferguson Supreme Court ruling establish?
Separate but equal
Made segregation legal
Who was Booker T Washington?
Believed in gradual equality for blacks through education and founded the Tuskegee school- education
Who was W.E.B Du Bois?
He demanded immediate equality and he established the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
Who was Marcus Garvey?
Back to Africa Movement- be proud of your race
What was the Harlem Renaissance? 1920s-1930s
A new negro movement
An African American culture movement that stressed art, poetry, theater and music- promoted black pride and started in Harlem NYC in the 1940s
How many blacks served in WWll?
Over a million
What did blacks demand after the war?
Rights and better pay
Who was Phillip Randolph?
He started the natural negro conference and worked toward civil rights legislation
Which president integrated the Military?
President Harry S Truman
During the 1950s there was a movement of young people
——
Who was Thurgood Marshall?
Lawyer in the Brown vs Board of Education case and he went on the become the first African American Supreme Court justice
He challenged separar but equal and ended segregation in schools
Integration became the law
What was the Montgomery Bus Boycott?
Rosa Parks refused to sit in the back of the bus (first challenge to Jim Crow laws)
What was the Little Rock 9? (Little Rock Arkansas) 1957
First 9 blacks students to integrate into high school
Protected by the 101st airborne
Who was ruby bridges?
The first black student to be integrated into elementary school in 1960
Who was Martin Luther King Jr?
The main leader of the Civil Rights Movement
What was the Civl Rights Movement?
A nonviolent movement who’s goal was to get civil rights for blacks- based on Mohammad Gandhis movement in India
What was the SNCC?
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
The students staged protests in the form of sit INE, freedom riders and marches
Many were jailed beaten or killed
In the 1960s who were the freedom riders?
Fought segregation on public transportation
What was the March on Washington in 1963?
Martin Luther’s I have a dream speech
What was the watershed event of the movement?
I have a dream
Who endorses the new Civil Rights legislation?
JFK
Who gets the civil rights act of 1964 passed? And what did it do?
President Lyndon Johnson
Outlawed discrimination and segregation based on race
What was freedom summer?
In 1964 there was an attempt to get African Americans to register to vote
What was Bloody Sunday? What is the result? And what is the voting rights act?
1965 there was a peaceful march that was attacked by police in Selma, Alabama
It was seen on TV
Voting Rights Act of 1965 was passed
Outlawed poll taxes and literacy tests
Who was Malcolm X? (Malcom Little)
Leader of the Nation of Islam
Critic of the nonviolent movement
Preached that bloodshed/revolution was necessary to gain black equality
Later was assassinated by the Nation of Islam
Who was the leader of the Black Power/Black Panther Movement?
Stockley Carmichael who promoted violence as well
When was MLKJ assassinated and by who?
In 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee by James Earl Jones
What was the result of MLKJ, Malcolm X and Stockley Carmichael’s death?
The USA was racked by some of the worst race riots in American history
Between 1965-1970 many US cities burned (LA, Detroit, NYC,etc)
Why is the Civil Rights Movement Important?
It established the idea that discrimination was unjust and would no longer be tolerated
It finally brought us closer to the principles that our nation was founded on, that “All men are created equal”
When did the civil rights movement end?
It is still ongoing today
