The Cold War Flashcards
Who was Igor Gouzenko?
A Russian clerk at Soviet embassy in Ottawa
Why was Igor Gouzenko tried to warn the Canadian government
Soviet was trying to spy on them
He wanted to defect. He enjoyed living in Canada
How did Canadian government react to Gouzenko’s information?
They didn’t believe it at first till his apartment got broken into then they were shocked
What were the steps involved in mutual defence agreed to by NATO?
- Any attack on 1 would be considered attack of all.
- If conventional weapons were not enough, tactical nuclear weapons would be use
- Total nuclear war
Why was Warsaw Pact created?
Soviet union felt threatened by NATO, create its own defensive pact
How was communism considered a threat to democracy
Did not allowed free speech or election-crushed dissent
What was Canada’s commitment
to NATO?
Complete army units and a few groups of planes were sent to France.
What was the DEW line and what did it cost Canada
- Pintree line
- Mid-Canada line
- DEW line in the artic
What was NORAD and why was its creation considered necessary?
North American Air Defence Agreement
Creat to protect North America from Soviet nuclear attack
What is the cold war
- period lasting from 1945-1989
- The Cold War was marked by tension between communist and capitalist superpowers.
Canada in the Cold war
- Caught in the Middle- USSR on top, USA underneath
- Allied with the US and NATO
Igor Gouenko
- Russian clerk from Soviet Embassy delivers files to Canada proving the existence of a Russia spy ring in Canada
- Gouzenko and family are given asylum and new IDs in Ontario
Europe EAST AND WEST
- separate by the Iron Curtain
Coined by Churchill to describe the break between East and West
Churchill’s Iron Curtain speech March, 1946
Berlin airlift 1948
- Many people were fleeing Soviet Union
-in 1948 the Soviet blockade all the ground link to West Berlin - Berlin airlift (April 1948-May 1949)
All supply needed are ferried in to Berlin through air corridors from the West. Stalin eventually give up
Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan 1947
- Truman Doctrine : US would tolerate Soviet expansion to its 1947 limits (coexistence) but would resist any further encroachment (principle containment)
- Marshall plan: economy aid to rebuild European economies. An instrument to aid non-comm use state
NATO and WARSAW PACT
-WEST-NATO 1949
Military alliance
. North Atlantic treaty organization
. Led by United States
EAST -WARSAW PACT 1955
- Military alliance, response to NATO threat
- Led by Soviet Russia
North American defence
- NORAD -North American air defence agreement
-HQ buried in Cheyenne Mountain, Colorado
-centrally controlled and coordinated defence of North American airspace
Fighter forces
Missile bases
Air defence radar
CANADA AND NORAD
-protection from Soviet air attack
-US built three line on Friday station across Canada
1. The pintree line
2. The Mid Canada line
3. Dew line -distance early warning line
What are the three powers of United Nations
- Condemn the aggressor through speech and resolution
- Use economy sanctions, using member not to trade with the aggressor
- Respond military by sending in armed force
What is the purpose of security council
Body of the United Nations
Maintain peace and security
Five member of security council
- Britain
- France
- China (Taiwan)
- United States
- USSR (Russia federation)
Describe the power of the security council
If 9/15 member agree they can impose censure/ sanctions/military action
.
Permanent member can VETO (if 1 permanent member vote No then it will not happen)
How did Korean conflict increase cold war tensions
Communist back North Korea invaded US back South Korea, mostly American pushes them back and even consider the use of nuclear weapon against China
What role did Canada play in Korean conflict
Under US encouragement cannot send thousands of troops
What cause Suez crisis
- Egyptian nationalization of the suez canal
- Israel saw as a Egyptian aggression as Egypt threatened to bomb Israel ship from using the canal
- France and Britain support Israel as they had investment in Canal
- Soviet support Egypt
What role did Canada play in bringing Suez crisis to an end
- Tell the minister of foreign affair Lester Pearson propose a force of peacekeeper to separate the warring sides
- United Nations agree and a force was sent under a Canadian general
- It work
United Nations
- International agency meant to prevent war
- Based on idea of promoting international corporation
- Same as league of nation but have more support
- Condemnation of aggressor through speeches and resolution
- Sanction against aggressor
- Take military action against aggressor
General assembly
- A forum we’re all member nation can debate issue of concern
- Each member nation had a representative and one vote- passed resolution
Social agencies
- UN members promise to get rid of diseases and hunger and to keep people’s rights safe.
- The UN child fund
- UNICEF- united nations international children’s fund
- IMF- the international monetary funds
- stabilize the war economy by helping countries in great debt
Korean conflict and challenge
Korean war 1952 1953
1. Communism in the north( supported by USSR in China) VS
Weak democracy in the south(supported by USA)
2. North invade south. UN sent troops (mainly US) to reject the attack which was eventually successful
3. 26000 people served in Korea
Domino theory
- Foreign policy theory promote by the government of the United States that guess if one land in a region came under influence of communist then more would follow in a domino effect
- Related to the policy of cantonment
Explain what the pine tree, mid-canada and DEW lines were
Constructed between 1950 to 1957 were designed to react a surprise
Soviet attack over North Pole
How did Trudeau’s foreign policy change Canada during second half of the Cold War
- Independent Stance: Promoted a “third option” avoiding strict alignment with the U.S. or the Soviet Union.
- Multilateralism: Focused on international cooperation through organizations like the UN.
- Peacekeeping: Supported peacekeeping missions, enhancing Canada’s global reputation.
- Diplomacy Over Military: Emphasized negotiation and dialogue instead of military intervention.
- Nuclear Disarmament: Advocated for reducing nuclear weapons and tensions.
This approach helped shape Canada’s identity as a peace-oriented nation.
What was Trudeau’s goal for Canada foreign policy
Chart a course in foreign policy that was less dependent on US approval
Expand our trade not just with American
How did Candace diplomatic recognition of communist China in 1970 signal the beginning of a new foreign policy
Signal new foreign policy by emphasis engagement in communist nations
Define middle power
A country that has a significant role in international relation but it’s not a superpower
