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The Cold War Flashcards

1
Q

What were the origins of the cold war?

A

USSR, USA and Britain formed an alliance to fight against Germany

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2
Q

What were the differences between the big 3?

A

Churchill + Roosevelt were capitalists
Stalin was communist

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3
Q

What’s the date & outcome of the Tehran conference?

A

-Nov 1943
-USA and Britain wanted to launch western offense against Germany to ease fighting in USSR
-Better relations between big 3 because working together to defeat enemy

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4
Q

What’s the date & outcome of the Yalta conference?

A

-Feb 1945
-Make Germany pay $20 billion in reparations
-Russian troops would helps USA defeat Japan

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5
Q

What’s the date & outcome of the Potsdam conference?

A

-July-Aug 1945
-Split Germany & Berlin into 4
-Truman used atomic bomb as way to push Stalin around

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6
Q

What was the effect of the atomic bomb?

A

-Western Europe secure about American protection
-Show USA is stronger
-Opposite effect -> Stalin want to make weapon too
-Created buffer zone & atomic bomb
-This dramatically increased tension

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7
Q

What was the long telegram?

A

-Said Stalin wanted to destroy capitalism
-If USSR faced strong resistance would back down, this played key role in American policy to USSR

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8
Q

What was the Novikov telegram?

A

-Said USA wanted to dominate world and not corporate with USSR
-So Stalin wanted to protect Eastern Europe

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9
Q

What was the Iron Curtain speech?

A

-Churchill said that USSR = threat to freedom and world peace
-Said this because com. gov. set up in Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary and Poland

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10
Q

How did tensions increase after the Iron Curtain speech?

A

-Stalin interpreted Churchill’s speech as America’s beliefs too
- +Novikov telegram
-So Stalin set up anti-Western propaganda

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11
Q

Describe the creation of satellite states and Truman’s reaction

A

-USSR freed many countries from Nazis but didn’t want to give them up so turned them into satellite states
-With little independence and com. govs.
-Truman saw as evidence of Stalin spreading communism
-Relations became worse

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12
Q

Describe the Warsaw uprising

A

-1944
-Rebellion in Poland against German occupation
-When crushed, USSR invaded

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13
Q

Why did the Truman Doctrine 1947 happen and what was it?

A

-Communism was seeming like a good option for poorer countries so he needed to stop it (containment)
-$400 million aid to Greece + Turkey
-

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14
Q

What was the Marshall plan 1947?

A

$12.7 billion to West Europe (Stalin didn’t allow for East)

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15
Q

What impact did the Truman Doctrine & Marshall plan have on international relations?

A

-Stalin saw as extending influence over Europe
-Clear that Grand Alliance was gone
-Stalin believed had evidence of USA trying to crush USSR
-Europe divided into 2

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16
Q

What’s the date and purpose of Cominform

A

-1947
-Political organisation
-Way for Stalin to control gov. of satellite states
-Encouraged members to trade with other members & have no contact with non members
-Propaganda that America was like Nazi Germany

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17
Q

What’s the date and purpose of Comecon?

A

-1949
-Needed to offer alternative to keep states under his control
-Aid to Eastern countries

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18
Q

Did Comecon reduce or increase tensions between USSR and USA?

A

Increase

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19
Q

When was Trizonia formed?

A

March 1948

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20
Q

What currency did Trizonia have and why?
Why were the Soviets angry about this?

A

-Deutschmark to provide economic unity
-Acknowledged different Germanys
-‘Ganging up’ on USSR (improve Trizonia & force USSR into poverty)

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21
Q

What’s the date and purpose of Berlin Blockade?

A

-1948
-Stalin shut off routes across East Germany so USA couldn’t supply aid to Berlin
-Show Western Allies that divided Germany would not work

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22
Q

How did Truman react to the Berlin blockade and how did Soviets react?

A

-Berlin airlift
-Knew Stalin couldn’t stop it because if he shot planes down he would look like aggressor
-Supplied 1,000 tonnes of supplies everyday
-9 May 1949, lifted blockade
-USA looked peaceful, Stalin looked like he made aggressive act

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23
Q

On what date was West Germany formed? What was it called?

A

-23 May 1949
-Federal Republic of Germany

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24
Q

How did Stalin respond to formation of Federal Republic of Germany?

A

Oct 1949 created German Democratic Republic

25
How (& when) was NATO formed?
-1949 -After Berlin & Czechoslovakia take over, USA needed alliance to protect themselves from USSR -Show determination to defeat communism
26
What was NATO?
Alliance where if 1 country was attacked, all would assist
27
How (& when) was Warsaw Pact formed?
-1955 -West Germany joined NATO in 1955 so Soviet's fears increased -Stalin created own pact because West Germany was dangerous (on their border)
28
1.2 What was the Easten Bloc?
Members of Warsaw Pact
29
1.3 What was the arms race
-Superpowers developing better weapons than rivals -USA makes atomic bomb, USSR also -USA makes hydrogen bomb, USSR also -USA tests ICBM, USSR also
30
Why did the Hungarian Uprising happen? Who was the prime minister at the time?
-Protest for lack of political freedom -Fuel shortage -Poor harvests -Rakosi
31
Who was Rakosi replaced with?
Imre Nagy
32
What reforms did Nagy propose? Why was this a concern for Khrushchev?
-Leave Warsaw Pact & be neutral -Western-style democracy w/ free elections -Ask for UN protection against USSR -Weaken USSR -Others would copy
33
How did Khrushchev react to Hungarian Uprising? What happened to Nagy?
-Sent 200,00 troops -20,000 Hungarians killed -200,000 refugees -Executed
34
Who became the Hungarian leader after Rakosi and Nagy?
Kadar
35
How did USA react to Hungarian Uprising?
-Offered $20 million -No military aid
36
What impact did Hungarian Uprising have on international relations?
-Members of Warsaw pat knew must do what told so Khrushchev = stronger -Knew USA wouldn't take military action -Showed USA not prepared to back up words w/ military support -Worsened relations because USA didn't like invasion
37
2.1 Describe refugee problem in Berlin in 1958. Why was it bad for Khrushchev? What ultimatum did it lead to?
-West Germany = prosperous -East = low living standard, shortage of basic goods -3 million Germans moved from east to west -Losing skilled workers that would keep economy going -People preferred West -Berlin ultimatum to stop this
38
What was the Berlin ultimatum?
-Berlin demilitarised -Become free city (so he could then control it)
39
What was the date & outcome of Geneva summit meeting
-1959 -Switzerland -No agreement reached
40
What was the date and outcome of the Camp David summit meeting?
-1959 -USSR agreed to withdraw Berlin ultimatum -Improved relations
41
What was the date and outcome of the Paris summit meeting?
-1960 -USSR announced shot spy plane -No decision made Khrushchev walked out
42
What was the date and outcome of the Vienna summit meeting?
-1961 -Khrushchev renewed ultimatum because thought Kennedy (new president) was inexperienced -Tension increased bc Kennedy not happy -No final decision -Kennedy spent over $2 billion to protect USA
43
What was the Berlin Wall? Evaluate it
-Wall separating east and west Berlin -Bad for USSR bc showed people preferred capitalism -Good for USSR bc showed communism will survive -Good for USA because USSR had to accept Western control in West Berlin
44
2.2 How did relations between Cuba & USA suffer after Cuban revolution?
-USA refused to provide financial aid unless Cuba followed guidance set by IMF -Cuba took all land back -Khrushchev agreed to buy sugar & provide financial aid
45
How did USA react to Cuban revolution?
-Broke off diplomatic relations -Banned trade
46
What was the Bay of Pigs incident?
-Kennedy tried to overthrow com. gov. by training Cuban exiles to invade Bay of Pigs -USA attempt to pretend Cubans were attacking gov. -Castro found out, had 20,000 soldiers ready for 1,400 volunteers -Cubans did not support invasion -Public humiliation to USA
47
What impact did Bay of Pigs have on international relations
-Stronger between Cuba and USSR -USSR would help Cuba -Kennedy is concerned
48
What was the Cuban Missile Crisis?
-American spy planes found Soviet ships w/ missiles sailing to Cuba Reasons for Khrushchev doing so: -NATO had missiles in Turkey -If America overthrew Castro, would be defeat for com. again -Berlin Wall seen as failure so if he could outwit USA would restore reputation
49
What were the 13 days? Include date. What was the outcome?
-16-28 Oct 1962 -Executive Committee met everyday for 13 days when world was at risk of war -Set up naval blockade around Cuba, it worked
50
How were Cuban missiles removed?
Khrushchev said he would remove if America promised to not invade Cuba
51
What were the consequences of Cuban Missile Crisis?
-'Hotline' set up (direct communication from Washington to Moscow) -Test Ban Treaty signed (can't test nuclear weapons anywhere) -Outer Space Treaty signed (not use space for military purposes) -Nuclear non-proliferation treaty (stop spread of weapons) -World = safer place -Kennedy popularity increased for standing up to Khrushchev -USSR military humiliated for surrendering so Khrushchev unpopular
52
2.3 What was the Prague Spring?
Dubcek's reforms for Czechoslovakia -Censorship relaxed -Can critisice gov. -Increase trade with west -More freedom
53
How did USSR react to Prague Spring?
-20 Aug 1968 -Soviet troops invaded
54
What was the Brezhnev Doctrine?
USSR making it legal to invade Czechoslovakia because they were part of Warsaw Pact
55
What impact did Prague Spring have on international relations?
-Yugoslavia & Romania strained relations with USSR, formed alliance w/ China -USA outraged
56
3.1 What was Détente?
Peace between groups previously at war
57
What were the outcomes of SALT 1? Include date
-1972 -ABMs only allowed at 2 sites with max 100 missiles -Restriction of ICBMs each country can have -Major symbolic importance
58
What were the Helsinki Accords? Include date
-1975 -Ensure ppl in com. countries should enjoy more freedom -Create more stability through increased trade
59
What was SALT 2?
Restrictions on missile launchers

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