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The Cold War Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the origins of the cold war?

A

USSR, USA and Britain formed an alliance to fight against Germany

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2
Q

What were the differences between the big 3?

A

Churchill + Roosevelt were capitalists
Stalin was communist

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3
Q

What’s the date & outcome of the Tehran conference?

A

-Nov 1943
-USA and Britain wanted to launch western offense against Germany to ease fighting in USSR
-Better relations between big 3 because working together to defeat enemy

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4
Q

What’s the date & outcome of the Yalta conference?

A

-Feb 1945
-Make Germany pay $20 billion in reparations
-Russian troops would helps USA defeat Japan

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5
Q

What’s the date & outcome of the Potsdam conference?

A

-July-Aug 1945
-Split Germany & Berlin into 4
-Truman used atomic bomb as way to push Stalin around

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6
Q

What was the effect of the atomic bomb?

A

-Western Europe secure about American protection
-Show USA is stronger
-Opposite effect -> Stalin want to make weapon too
-Created buffer zone & atomic bomb
-This dramatically increased tension

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7
Q

What was the long telegram?

A

-Said Stalin wanted to destroy capitalism
-If USSR faced strong resistance would back down, this played key role in American policy to USSR

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8
Q

What was the Novikov telegram?

A

-Said USA wanted to dominate world and not corporate with USSR
-So Stalin wanted to protect Eastern Europe

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9
Q

What was the Iron Curtain speech?

A

-Churchill said that USSR = threat to freedom and world peace
-Said this because com. gov. set up in Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary and Poland

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10
Q

How did tensions increase after the Iron Curtain speech?

A

-Stalin interpreted Churchill’s speech as America’s beliefs too
- +Novikov telegram
-So Stalin set up anti-Western propaganda

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11
Q

Describe the creation of satellite states and Truman’s reaction

A

-USSR freed many countries from Nazis but didn’t want to give them up so turned them into satellite states
-With little independence and com. govs.
-Truman saw as evidence of Stalin spreading communism
-Relations became worse

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12
Q

Describe the Warsaw uprising

A

-1944
-Rebellion in Poland against German occupation
-When crushed, USSR invaded

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13
Q

Why did the Truman Doctrine 1947 happen and what was it?

A

-Communism was seeming like a good option for poorer countries so he needed to stop it (containment)
-$400 million aid to Greece + Turkey
-

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14
Q

What was the Marshall plan 1947?

A

$12.7 billion to West Europe (Stalin didn’t allow for East)

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15
Q

What impact did the Truman Doctrine & Marshall plan have on international relations?

A

-Stalin saw as extending influence over Europe
-Clear that Grand Alliance was gone
-Stalin believed had evidence of USA trying to crush USSR
-Europe divided into 2

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16
Q

What’s the date and purpose of Cominform

A

-1947
-Political organisation
-Way for Stalin to control gov. of satellite states
-Encouraged members to trade with other members & have no contact with non members
-Propaganda that America was like Nazi Germany

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17
Q

What’s the date and purpose of Comecon?

A

-1949
-Needed to offer alternative to keep states under his control
-Aid to Eastern countries

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18
Q

Did Comecon reduce or increase tensions between USSR and USA?

A

Increase

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19
Q

When was Trizonia formed?

A

March 1948

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20
Q

What currency did Trizonia have and why?
Why were the Soviets angry about this?

A

-Deutschmark to provide economic unity
-Acknowledged different Germanys
-‘Ganging up’ on USSR (improve Trizonia & force USSR into poverty)

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21
Q

What’s the date and purpose of Berlin Blockade?

A

-1948
-Stalin shut off routes across East Germany so USA couldn’t supply aid to Berlin
-Show Western Allies that divided Germany would not work

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22
Q

How did Truman react to the Berlin blockade and how did Soviets react?

A

-Berlin airlift
-Knew Stalin couldn’t stop it because if he shot planes down he would look like aggressor
-Supplied 1,000 tonnes of supplies everyday
-9 May 1949, lifted blockade
-USA looked peaceful, Stalin looked like he made aggressive act

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23
Q

On what date was West Germany formed? What was it called?

A

-23 May 1949
-Federal Republic of Germany

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24
Q

How did Stalin respond to formation of Federal Republic of Germany?

A

Oct 1949 created German Democratic Republic

25
Q

How (& when) was NATO formed?

A

-1949
-After Berlin & Czechoslovakia take over, USA needed alliance to protect themselves from USSR
-Show determination to defeat communism

26
Q

What was NATO?

A

Alliance where if 1 country was attacked, all would assist

27
Q

How (& when) was Warsaw Pact formed?

A

-1955
-West Germany joined NATO in 1955 so Soviet’s fears increased
-Stalin created own pact because West Germany was dangerous (on their border)

28
Q

1.2
What was the Easten Bloc?

A

Members of Warsaw Pact

29
Q

1.3
What was the arms race

A

-Superpowers developing better weapons than rivals
-USA makes atomic bomb, USSR also
-USA makes hydrogen bomb, USSR also
-USA tests ICBM, USSR also

30
Q

Why did the Hungarian Uprising happen? Who was the prime minister at the time?

A

-Protest for lack of political freedom
-Fuel shortage
-Poor harvests
-Rakosi

31
Q

Who was Rakosi replaced with?

A

Imre Nagy

32
Q

What reforms did Nagy propose? Why was this a concern for Khrushchev?

A

-Leave Warsaw Pact & be neutral
-Western-style democracy w/ free elections
-Ask for UN protection against USSR

-Weaken USSR
-Others would copy

33
Q

How did Khrushchev react to Hungarian Uprising? What happened to Nagy?

A

-Sent 200,00 troops
-20,000 Hungarians killed
-200,000 refugees
-Executed

34
Q

Who became the Hungarian leader after Rakosi and Nagy?

A

Kadar

35
Q

How did USA react to Hungarian Uprising?

A

-Offered $20 million
-No military aid

36
Q

What impact did Hungarian Uprising have on international relations?

A

-Members of Warsaw pat knew must do what told so Khrushchev = stronger
-Knew USA wouldn’t take military action
-Showed USA not prepared to back up words w/ military support
-Worsened relations because USA didn’t like invasion

37
Q

2.1
Describe refugee problem in Berlin in 1958. Why was it bad for Khrushchev? What ultimatum did it lead to?

A

-West Germany = prosperous
-East = low living standard, shortage of basic goods
-3 million Germans moved from east to west
-Losing skilled workers that would keep economy going
-People preferred West
-Berlin ultimatum to stop this

38
Q

What was the Berlin ultimatum?

A

-Berlin demilitarised
-Become free city (so he could then control it)

39
Q

What was the date & outcome of Geneva summit meeting

A

-1959
-Switzerland
-No agreement reached

40
Q

What was the date and outcome of the Camp David summit meeting?

A

-1959
-USSR agreed to withdraw Berlin ultimatum
-Improved relations

41
Q

What was the date and outcome of the Paris summit meeting?

A

-1960
-USSR announced shot spy plane
-No decision made Khrushchev walked out

42
Q

What was the date and outcome of the Vienna summit meeting?

A

-1961
-Khrushchev renewed ultimatum because thought Kennedy (new president) was inexperienced
-Tension increased bc Kennedy not happy
-No final decision
-Kennedy spent over $2 billion to protect USA

43
Q

What was the Berlin Wall? Evaluate it

A

-Wall separating east and west Berlin
-Bad for USSR bc showed people preferred capitalism
-Good for USSR bc showed communism will survive
-Good for USA because USSR had to accept Western control in West Berlin

44
Q

2.2
How did relations between Cuba & USA suffer after Cuban revolution?

A

-USA refused to provide financial aid unless Cuba followed guidance set by IMF
-Cuba took all land back
-Khrushchev agreed to buy sugar & provide financial aid

45
Q

How did USA react to Cuban revolution?

A

-Broke off diplomatic relations
-Banned trade

46
Q

What was the Bay of Pigs incident?

A

-Kennedy tried to overthrow com. gov. by training Cuban exiles to invade Bay of Pigs
-USA attempt to pretend Cubans were attacking gov.
-Castro found out, had 20,000 soldiers ready for 1,400 volunteers
-Cubans did not support invasion
-Public humiliation to USA

47
Q

What impact did Bay of Pigs have on international relations

A

-Stronger between Cuba and USSR
-USSR would help Cuba
-Kennedy is concerned

48
Q

What was the Cuban Missile Crisis?

A

-American spy planes found Soviet ships w/ missiles sailing to Cuba
Reasons for Khrushchev doing so:
-NATO had missiles in Turkey
-If America overthrew Castro, would be defeat for com. again
-Berlin Wall seen as failure so if he could outwit USA would restore reputation

49
Q

What were the 13 days? Include date. What was the outcome?

A

-16-28 Oct 1962
-Executive Committee met everyday for 13 days when world was at risk of war
-Set up naval blockade around Cuba, it worked

50
Q

How were Cuban missiles removed?

A

Khrushchev said he would remove if America promised to not invade Cuba

51
Q

What were the consequences of Cuban Missile Crisis?

A

-‘Hotline’ set up (direct communication from Washington to Moscow)
-Test Ban Treaty signed (can’t test nuclear weapons anywhere)
-Outer Space Treaty signed (not use space for military purposes)
-Nuclear non-proliferation treaty (stop spread of weapons)
-World = safer place
-Kennedy popularity increased for standing up to Khrushchev
-USSR military humiliated for surrendering so Khrushchev unpopular

52
Q

2.3
What was the Prague Spring?

A

Dubcek’s reforms for Czechoslovakia
-Censorship relaxed
-Can critisice gov.
-Increase trade with west
-More freedom

53
Q

How did USSR react to Prague Spring?

A

-20 Aug 1968
-Soviet troops invaded

54
Q

What was the Brezhnev Doctrine?

A

USSR making it legal to invade Czechoslovakia because they were part of Warsaw Pact

55
Q

What impact did Prague Spring have on international relations?

A

-Yugoslavia & Romania strained relations with USSR, formed alliance w/ China
-USA outraged

56
Q

3.1
What was Détente?

A

Peace between groups previously at war

57
Q

What were the outcomes of SALT 1? Include date

A

-1972
-ABMs only allowed at 2 sites with max 100 missiles
-Restriction of ICBMs each country can have
-Major symbolic importance

58
Q

What were the Helsinki Accords? Include date

A

-1975
-Ensure ppl in com. countries should enjoy more freedom
-Create more stability through increased trade

59
Q

What was SALT 2?

A

Restrictions on missile launchers

History (5 decks)

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