THE COGNITIVE APPROACH- assumptions

Question 1

Unlike the behaviourist approach which is concerned with external observable actions in explaining behaviour [environment], what is the cognitive approach concerned with in explaining behaviour

Answer 1

internal, mental processes

Question 2

who influenced cognitive psychology

Answer 2

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 3

when did Wilhelm Wundt influence cognitive psychology

Answer 3

late 19th century

Question 4

what did Wundt want to develop

Answer 4

ways in which internal mental processes could be studies scientifically and systematically

Question 5

like the behaviourist approach, how does the cognitive approach believe behaviour should be studied

Answer 5

experimentally and objectively

Question 6

the cognitive approach is concerned with how our what affects our behaviour

Answer 6

thinking

Question 7

what does the cognitive approach assume is the prime importance in understanding behaviour

Answer 7

internal processes of the mind

Question 8

what is assumption 1 of the cognitive approach

Answer 8

the computer analogy

Question 9

what have cognitive psychologists compared the human mind with

Answer 9

a computer

Question 10

how do cognitive psychologists compare our minds to computers

Answer 10

how we take in information [INPUT] , change it/ store it [PROCESS] then recall when necessary [OUTPUT]

Question 11

during the process stage, what do we actively use

Answer 11

the cognitive processes of perception, attention, memory etc.

Question 12

which part of the computer is the mind compared to

Answer 12

hardware [machinery]

Question 13

which part of the computer are the cognitive processes compared with

Answer 13

software [ what make it work inside]

Question 14

what is the diagram which explains the process of memory called

Answer 14

the multistore model of memory

Question 15

who and when made the multistore model of memory

Answer 15

Atkinson and Shiffrin [1968]

Question 16

what is the first step of the multistore model of memory

Answer 16

information is input to the brain through senses [eyes ,ears, etc.]

Question 17

what is the second step of the multistore model of memory

Answer 17

information moves to short- term memory [STM] store

Question 18

what is the third step of the multistore model of memory

Answer 18

information then moves to long- term memory [LTM] store

Question 19

what is the fourth step of he multistore model of memory

Answer 19

information is then output when required

Question 20

what is assumption 2 of the cognitive approach

Answer 20

internal mental processes

Question 21

what does assumption 2[ the internal mental processes] see humans as

Answer 21

information processors

Question 22

what enables us to process information of and make sense of the world around us

Answer 22

essential cognitive processes all work together to enable us to make sense of/ respond to the word around us

Question 23

what are the four cognitive processes that constantly work together to help us understand the environment

Answer 23

perception, attention, memory, language

Question 24

An example to see how the cognitive processes work is with a dog. - [when we see a dog, what enables us to know it is a dog]. explain how each cognitive process [4] apply in this situation

Answer 24

we have to pay ATTENTION to it , PERCEIVE its features [e.g. 4 legs, tail, fur] / search through our MEMORY store and see if there is a ‘match’ with something we have already seen/ experienced . In order to e able to name it, we use LANGUAGE

Question 25

what is he definition of information processing

Answer 25

our mental processes work together within a split second to allow us to respond to the world around us

Question 26

INVESTIGATING INTERNAL MENTAL PROCESSES — turn over

Answer 26

all about… How can we measure internal processes/ how do we know what is going on inside the mind…

Question 27

Cognitive psychologists have to infer what is going on inside your head and use processes such as what

Answer 27

introspection

Question 28

who developed the technique on introspection

Answer 28

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 29

when Wilhelm Wundt developed introspection, what did he want to do

Answer 29

investigate thinking in a scientific/ systematic way

Question 30

what would happen during introspection

Answer 30

highly trained research assistants would be given a stimulus e.g. ticking metronome] and would report what the stimulus made them think/ feel

Question 31

although some psychologists question the validity of introspection as an objective scientific too, what is a pro of it

Answer 31

it is still used today

Question 32

introspection was used to investigate what =behaviour

Answer 32

gambling behaviour

Question 33

who and when did the introspection study of gambling behaviour

Answer 33

Griffiths , 1994

Question 34

what was Griffiths trying to investigate through the gambling introspection study

Answer 34

the thought processes of people who gambled regularly VS non- regular gamblers

Question 35

what did Griffiths propose the thought processes of regular gamblers would be like

Answer 35

irrational

Question 36

during the gambling introspection, to assess irrational thinking what were the participants asked to do while playing a fruit machine

Answer 36

’ think aloud’

Question 37

during the gambling introspection study, participants were given a list of instructions such as what

Answer 37

say everything that goes through your mind , do not censor any thoughts even if they seem irrelevant to you , keep talking as continuously as possible even if your ideas are not clearly structured , do not hesitate to use fragmented [short] sentences if necessary , do not try to justify your thoughts

Question 38

what did the gambling introspection study find

Answer 38

gamblers used more irrational verbalisations [something not based on reason, logic or understanding] such as ‘I lost because I wasn’t paying attention’ or ‘this machine likes me’

Question 39

what is assumption 3 of the cognitive approach

Answer 39

schemas

Question 40

what are schemas

Answer 40

organised packets of information that are built up through experience/ stored in our long- term memory

Question 41

give an example of a daily life schema we all have and explain it

Answer 41

our ‘dog schema’ [ the packet of information we have stored about dogs] may contain ‘four legs’, ‘furry’, ‘bark’, ‘tail’, etc.

Question 42

although schemas are derived from past experiences, what can they be refined through

Answer 42

further interactions with people and the world around us

Question 43

why do schemas not represent reality

Answer 43

they are built up via social exchanges [e.g. conversations with others, the media] rather than personal interactions

Question 44

give an example of a schema which has been built up via social exchanges instead of personal interactions and explain why

Answer 44

our ‘burglar’ schema as most people have probably never witnessed a burglary yet their ‘burglar’ schema would be a male, fairly, would, balaclava over face

Question 45

Schemas can take 2 different forms … what are they called

Answer 45

event schemas / role schemas

Question 46

what do event schemas tell us about

Answer 46

scripts [e.g. going to a restaurant

Question 47

what do role schemas tell us about

Answer 47

different roles [e.g. nurse]