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Personality > The Cognitive Approach > Flashcards

The Cognitive Approach Flashcards

1
Q

Kurt Lewin’s Field theory of behavior equation
B = f(LS)
Life space (LS)

A

B = f(p,e)
Behavior (B) is a function of the person (p) and their cultural environment (e)

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2
Q

What are 4 examples of Cognitive-Affective Units?

A

(1) Encodings
(2) Expectations and Beliefs
(3) Affects
(4) Goals and Values
(5) Competencies and Self-Regulatory Plans

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3
Q

Psychological field def (Kurt Lewin)

A

The total sum of all forces and influences that can impact a person’s behavior. It incorporates situational, cultural, and social elements.

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4
Q

Life space def (Kurt Lewin)

A

This represents a person’s unique experience and reality. It includes their feelings, thoughts, perceptions, goals, and experiences

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5
Q

Who developed the man-the-scientist perspective?

A

Geoge Kelly

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6
Q

Man-the-scientist perspective

A

Like scientists, people constantly generate and test hypotheses about their world.
We all want to predict and control as many events in our lives as possible.

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7
Q

In what process do we engage in to satisfy this need for predictability?

A

We constantly engage in a process Kelly compared to template matching.
-> Our ideas about the world are like templates.
-> If they match, we retain the templates. If not, we modify them for a better prediction next time.

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8
Q

Personal constructs (George Kelly) def

A

Cognitive structures we use to interpret and predict events.

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9
Q

Kelly described personal constructs as _____.

A

bipolar
-> We classify relevant objects in an either/or fashion within our constructs.
-> E.g. friendly-unfriendly

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10
Q

Personal Construct Theory

A

(1) Application of the first construct is followed by other bipolar constructs.
(2) Differences in personality result from differences in the way people “construe the world”.
(3) Individuals may use the same constructs and construe the world differently.

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11
Q

Personal Construct Systems

A

Relatively stable patterns in our behavior (i.e., our personalities) are the result of the relatively stable way we construe the world.

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12
Q

How can we apply the notion of personal constructs to psychological disorders?

A

People suffer from psychological problems because of defects in their construct systems.
E.g. Past experiences with an unloving parent explain why people construe the world as they do, but they are not the cause of the person’s problems.

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13
Q

How can you apply the link between [personal constructs-psychological disorders] to anxiety?

A

We become anxious when our personal constructs fail to make sense of the events in our lives.

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14
Q

How can therapy help prevent anxiety? (Kelly)

A

Kelly’s goal as a therapist was to help clients “try on” new templates and thereby regain their ability to make sense of their worlds.

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15
Q

Kelly’s fundamental postulate

A

A person’s processes are psychologically channelized by how he anticipates events

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16
Q

Individuality Corollary

A

Persons differ from each other in their construction of events.
-> Two people cannot play the same role in a situation.
-> They will therefore interpret the event differently.

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17
Q

Organization Corollary

A

Each person creates their own mental way of understanding the world.

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18
Q

What are we talking about with the term “black box” in the early days?

A

Metaphor to describe the relationship between stimuli and responses.

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19
Q

Cognitive personality psychologists maintain that the elements between stimulus and response are the key to understanding personality and behavior.
Recently, they introduced a large number of these cognitive variables to account for individual differences in the way people act.
Some of these variables, sometimes called __________________________.

A

cognitive-affective units

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20
Q

Cognitive-affective units: Encodings

A

Categories for encoding information about one’s self, other people, events, and situations

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21
Q

Cognitive-affective units: Expectations and Beliefs

A

Expectations for what will happen in certain situations, for outcomes for certain, and for one’s personal efficacy

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22
Q

Cognitive-affective units: Affects

A

Feelings, emotions, and emotional responses

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23
Q

Cognitive-affective units: Goals and Values

A

Individual goals and values, and life projects

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24
Q

Cognitive-affective units: Competencies and Self-Regulatory Plans

A

Perceived abilities, plans, and strategies for changing and maintaining one’s behavior and internal states.

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25
Q

How do we explain individual differences within this cognitive framework?

A

Each of us possesses a different set of mental representations.

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26
Q

As with other personality constructs, researchers find that our self-concepts are relatively _______ over time.

A

stable

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27
Q

Self-schemas

A

Cognitive representations of ourselves that we use to organize and process self-relevant information.
-> Your self-schema consists of the behaviors and attributes that are most important to you.

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28
Q

Why do some people succeed in making exercise a part of their lives, whereas others fail?

A

One explanation has to do with whether the would-be exerciser incorporates exercise into his or her self-schema.

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29
Q

How do psychologists determine what a person’s self-schema looks like?

A

Look at how people perceive and use information presented to them.
E.g. answer the following question yes or no: Are you a competitive person? Some people answer immediately and decisively, whereas others have to pause to think.

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30
Q

Do we retrieve better if it requires our self schema?
Explain your answer with a study

A

YES.
Researchers presented college students questions. Participants answered question by pressing a YES or a NO button as quickly as possible.
Some of the questions were written so that people could answer easily without using their self-schemas to process the information.
Results: When answered questions about themselves, more likely to remember the information.

31
Q

Findings about self schema and memory lead to the discovery of the ________

A

self-reference effect

32
Q

Possible Selves def

A

Cognitive representations of the kind of person we might become someday.
-> Fairly stable over time.

33
Q

Possible selves serve two important functions. What are they?

A

(1) Provide incentives for future behavior.
(2) Help us interpret the meaning of our behavior and the events in our lives.

34
Q

One of the earliest advocates of cognitive therapy was ____________, who developed __________________________.

A

rational emotive therapy

35
Q

A-B-C process def

A

Faulty reasoning & reliance on irrational beliefs.
According to Ellis, people become depressed, anxious, upset, and the like bc of that.

36
Q

What does A B C stand for (ABC process)?

A

A = Activating experience
C = Emotional Consequence
B = The irrational Belief

37
Q

Goals of rational emotive therapy (2)

A

(1) Clients must see how they rely on irrational beliefs and the fault in their reasoning.
(2) The therapist works with the client to replace irrational beliefs with rational ones.

38
Q

Problem: How does one go about measuring personal constructs?

A

The Repertory Grid Technique

39
Q

Who developed the Repertory Grid Technique?

A

Kelly

40
Q

Repertory Grid Technique consists of two steps, what are they?

A

(1) The test taker creates a list of elements. The items on this list can be anything the person encounters in life, but most often the list consists of specific people the test taker knows.
(2) The test taker’s personal constructs are elicited by comparing and contrasting various elements on the list.

41
Q

The most common version of the grid technique is the ___________________________.

A

Role Construct Repertory Test, more commonly known as the Rep Test

42
Q

Limitations of Repertory Grid Technique (3)

A

(1) Does not generate a simple test score. Still allows for a large degree of interpretation for the therapist
(2) We assume clients are not using these constructs for the first time in the testing session and never again.
(3) We assume that people on the list are representative of the kind of people clients are likely to deal with in their daily lives.

43
Q

Strengths of Cognitive Approach (4)

A

(1) Developed through empirical research.
(2) Have been modified as investigators learn more about cognitive structures.
(3) Number of journal articles examining cognitive concepts has risen dramatically over the past decades.
(4) Have become particularly popular in recent years.

44
Q

Criticisms of the Cognitive Approach (3)

A

(1) Concepts are sometimes too abstract for empirical research. E.g. What exactly is a “personal construct” or a “possible self”?
(2) Question of whether we need to introduce these concepts to account for individual differences in behavior
(3) There is no single model to organize and guide theory and research.

45
Q

General Aggression Model (4)

A

(1) Social encounter
(2) How we respond to the event depends first on the kind of person we are and the kind of situation we are in.
(3) Hostile thoughts and emotions aggression scripts + Appraisal and Decision
(4) Outcome: Thoughtful action vs Impulsive action

46
Q

What activates these potentially dangerous thoughts and emotions?

A

Just about any aspect of the situation that we associate with violence can do the job.

47
Q

Aggressive cognitions not only trigger aggressive behavior scripts, but also affect the way we ________________________.

A

interpret situations

48
Q

Who has the best memory, men or women? Answer with a study.

A

No difference in general ability - differ in WHAT they remember.
Men and women were asked to recall several different kinds of information.
Women recalled more personal events both negative and positive. Men recalled better impersonal information about American history.

49
Q

2 differences in the way men and women organize information in memory

A

(1) Genders differ in the extent to which self-relevant information is associated with emotions.
(2) Men and women differ in the extent to which information about themselves is connected with information about personal relationships.

50
Q

But how do hostile thoughts lead to aggressive acts?

A

Aggressive behaviour scripts are activated in the process

51
Q

Behavior scripts def

A

Ways to act that we have learned and sometimes practiced.

52
Q

Although there are many possible sources, we often learn aggressive scripts by ____________________________________.

A

watching aggressive models

53
Q

The more ___________ the behavior script, the more likely the person will act aggressively.

A

accessible

54
Q

Cognitive scripts are also more likely to lead to aggression when people __________________ that led to their aggressive thoughts.

A

ruminate about the events

55
Q

What obj increases aggressive cognitions?

A

Alcohol

56
Q

Men are said to develop ____________ self-construals.

A

independent

57
Q

Women tend to develop _________ self-construals

A

interdependent

58
Q

Independent self-construals def

A

Self concept relatively unrelated to the cognitive representations they have for other people.

59
Q

Interdependent self-construals def

A

Self-concepts highly related to the cognitive representations they have of others and their relationships with those people. Women’s self-concepts are tied to those with whom women feel close and personal relations

60
Q

Perhaps one reason women recall certain kinds of experiences more readily than men is that these events ________________________.

A

may have involved other people

61
Q

Depressed people not only remember sad experiences more easily but may also have difficulty ___________________________________________________________________.

A

keeping themselves from generating one depressing thought after another

62
Q

Psychologists sometimes describe these depressing thoughts in terms of a ______________________________.

A

depressive cognitive triad

63
Q

Depressive cognitive triad

A

Depressed people typically
(1) have negative thoughts about themselves;
(2) are pessimistic about the future;
(3) tend to interpret ongoing experiences in a negative manner.

64
Q

Although negative thoughts are usually seen as symptoms of depression, cognitive psychologists argue that these thoughts may also ______ people to become depressed.

A

cause

65
Q

Psychologists from a cognitive perspective say that depressed people process information through an ________________________

A

active negative schema.

66
Q

Negative schema def

A

Cognitive structure containing memories about and associations with depressing events and thoughts.

67
Q

Psychologists found similarities between ________________________________ participants and depressed patients.
However, investigators soon found the simple model used to explain animal behavior was insufficient for understanding learned helplessness in people.

A

learned helplessness

68
Q

The limitations of the original model led some investigators to argue that negative life experiences alone ____________________ to produce depression.
How we ____________ the event is also important.

A

are not sufficient, interpret

69
Q

Numerous investigations find support for the notion that the __________ people make for negative experiences play a large role in determining whether they become depressed.

A

attributions

70
Q

Attributional or explanatory style

A

Stable patterns in the way people explain the causes of events.

71
Q

Individuals who possess a negative cognitive style tend to attribute their problems to___________ and ___________ causes.

A

stable (enduring), global(widespread)
-> fairly stable over time.

72
Q

We should note that the link between cognitive style and depression may be affected by ________.

A

culture

73
Q

College students in China had a ____________________ cognitive style than American students.
However, investigators comparing American and Chinese students also find that the kinds of explanations that predict depression in the United States also predict depression in China.

A

more pessimistic

Personality (3 decks)

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