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Big thing Flashcards

1
Q

Linking individual differences in satisfaction with each of Maslow’s needs to the Big Five personality traits

A

How important is the fulfillment of each need for you? [Each of Maslow’s needs]
-> Results weren’t coherent with Maslow’s hierarchy.
Lowest: Self actualization & Esteem, High: Belonging & Physiological needs

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2
Q

Dark Triad Dirty Dozen & the 3 traits

A

Machiavelism: People that will form coalitions within each other to make their evil plans. Will exploit others.
Psychopathy: Lot of charm. Impaired empathy and remorse. Manipulative. Egoist. Antisocial personality.
Narcissism: Inflated views of self-worth.

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3
Q

MBTI - traits

A

Extraversion - Introversion
Thinking - Feeling
Sensing - Intuition
Judging - Perceiving

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4
Q

Psychic determinism (Freud)

A

There is a cause-order in the cosmos for the behavior. Idea that unconscious forces have the power to influence behavior.
Traumatic events → Physical changes in the nervous system → Anxiety symptoms later in life.

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5
Q

When is the superego formed?

A

By the time a child is about 5 years old.

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6
Q

What are the types of Anxiety that threaten the ego? (Freud)

A

Reality, Neurotic & Moral Anxiety

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7
Q

Reality Anxiety def

A

Tangible dangers. Everyday things that makes us anxious/threatened (e.g. exam)

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8
Q

Neurotic Anxiety

A

Id in conflit with Ego. Ego having trouble mediating demands of the Id.
Sensation that unacceptable unconscious thoughts are about to burst through the awareness barrier

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9
Q

Moral Anxiety

A

Id in conflict with Superego. Feeling guilt, shame. Superego demands lot because of Id. “You’re a bad person”.

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10
Q

[Freud] Cite the 9 defense mechanisms

A

Repression, Denial, Sublimation, Displacement, Reaction Formation, Intellectualization, Projection, Regression, Rationalization

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11
Q

Reaction Formation

A

Expression of the opposite Id impulse. Acting in a manner opposite to our unconscious desires.
E.g. Jane is sexually attracted to friend Jake, but she claims in public that she intensely dislikes him.
E.g., a young woman who constantly tells people how much she loves her mother could be masking strong unconscious hatred for her mother.

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12
Q

Projection (defense mechanism)

A

Attribute an unconscious impulse to other people instead of to ourselves. -> It’s okay, you’re not the only one.

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13
Q

What are the 6 stages of the psychosexual development? + ages

A

Oral stage (0-18mo)
Anal stage (18mo-3yo)
Phallic stage (3-6yo)
Latency stage (6-puberty)
Genital stage (puberty-older)

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14
Q

Methods to get at the unconscious material (7)

A

Dreams, Projective tests, Free association, Freudian slips, Hypnosis, Accidents, Symbolic behavior

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15
Q

What’s the name of Adler’s psychology?

A

Individual psychology

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16
Q
A

(1) Socially useful type: cooperative
(2) Ruling-dominant type: attacking, walk over everybody to get what he wants
(3) Getting-leaning type: dependent, expects everything from others, exploitative, manipulative
(4) Avoiding type: ignores problems, avoid failure, never attempt anything too difficult

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17
Q

Adler Safeguarding strat

A

Excuses, Aggression (3 forms), Accusation, Self-accusation, Distancing, Moving backwards, Creating obstacle, Getting into No lose situations

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18
Q

[Adler] What are the 3 forms of aggression (Safeguarding strategies)?

A

Depreciation: Bringing other people down
Idealization: Unrealistic high standards to judge people
Solicitude: Treating others as if they’re incapable of caring for themselves.

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19
Q

What’s the difference between Adler’s and Freud’s idea of mind

A

Adler: mind as a whole + emphasis on conscious
Freud: Mind as warring factions in constant conflicts + emphasis on unconscious

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20
Q

[Jung] Personal unconscious

A

Reservoir for material that was once conscious. Similar to Freud’s preconscious (unconscious but can easily be elicited).

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21
Q

What way did Jung have to get to the complexes?

A

Word association tests.
Give pple cue words and see how pple react to those. If the word tap to some complex, he-she might hesitate, blockage (person doesn’t want to deal with it).

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22
Q

[Jung] What composes the collective unconscious?

A

Made up of primordial images (referred collectively as archetypes)

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23
Q

[Jung] What are the 4 Psychological functions? + Attitudes

A

Psychological functions:
Sensing (irrational), Thinking (rational), Feeling (rational), Intuiting (irrational)
Attitudes:
Introversion vs Extraversion

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24
Q

What’s the goal of therapeutic process for Jung?

A

Individuation: Integration of all conscious and unconscious facets of personality.
You’re aware persona is only something you show to other → you’re becoming yourself. Accept the shadow.

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25
[Jung] Steps of therapy (5)
1) Confront the unconscious 2) Dethrone the persona 3) Accept the dark side 4) Accept the anima & animus 5) Transcend
26
What's the name of Erikson's psychology?
Ego psychology
27
[Erikson] What are the 8 crises (+Age)
Infancy (Trust vs Mistrust) Toddler (Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt) Early Childhood (Initiative vs Guilt) Elementary School age (Industry vs inferiority) Adolescence (Identity vs Role confusion) Young Adulthood (Intimacy vs Isolation) Adulthood (Generativity vs Stagnation) Old age (Ego Integrity vs Despair)
28
Erikson: Industry vs Inferiority
Most children enter elementary school thinking there is little they can't do. But soon they find themselves in competition with other children - for grades, popularity, teachers' attention (...). Experiences of success: industry Experiences of failure: inferiority
29
[Erikson] Generativity vs Stagnation
As men and women approach the middle years of life, they develop a concern for guiding the next generation. Sense of generativity: enriched by the influence they have on their children. Sense of stagnation: feeling of emptiness and questioning one's purpose in life.
30
What's a similarity between Adler & Horney?
Adler: Inferiority Horney: Need for safety
31
[Horney] How can one sense of safety be undermined? (3)
(1) Ridicule and humiliation (2) Isolation of child from peers (3) Kept in an excessively dependent state
32
Explain Horney's Basic evil/hostility/anxiety
Basic Evil: Anything that parents do that undermines a child's security. Basic Hostility: Feeling generated in a child if needs for safety and satisfaction are not consistently and lovingly satisfied by the parents. Basic Anxiety: Psychological state that exists when basic hostility is repressed. Foundation of neurosis.
33
10 neurotic Needs
(1) Need for Affection and Approval (2) Need for a Partner who will run one's life (3) Need to live one's live within narrow limits (4) Need for Power (5) Need to Exploit others (6) Need for Social Recognition & Prestige (7) Need for personal Admiration (8) Need for Ambition and personal Achievement (9) Need for Self-Sufficiency & Independence (10) Need for Protection & Unassailability
34
[Horney] Personality => Neurotic trends/Interaction styles => Needs (3)
(1) Detached personality => Movement away from people => Needs for self sufficiency, Protection & Narrow limits to life (2) Aggressive personality => Movement against people => Needs for exploitation, Prestige, Admiration, Achievement (3) Compliant personality => Movement toward people => Need for Affection and approval, dominant partner, power
35
Difference between Freud and Horney's view of neurosis
Freud: fixated energy and unconscious battles between various aspects of the personality. Horney: disturbed interpersonal relationships during childhood.
36
What are the 2 types of coping strategies?
Repressors: Respond to threatening situations by avoiding them Sensitizers: Deal with a stressful situation by finding out as much as possible, as soon as possible. Put themselves in a position to take the most effective action.
37
Coping Flexibility def
Ability to effectively use different coping strategies
38
In the Four-category model (attachment styles), researchers assess attachment style along two dimensions, what are they?
Fear of Abandonment (internalized feelings of self worth) & Fear of Closeness
39
[Attachment] Draw the Four-category model
Low Close-Low abandon = Secure High Close-Low abandon = Avoidant Low Close-High abandon = Anxious High Close-High abandon = Disoriented, Fearful
40
[Allport] What are the three basic categories of traits?
Cardinal, central, and secondary.
41
Allport identified two general strategies researchers might use when investigating personality. What are they?
Nomothetic (all pple can be described along a single dimension) & Idiographic approach (identifies the unique combination of traits that best accounts for the perso of someone)
42
What are the cons of the Nomothetic approach?
The traits selected by the investigator might be central for some people, but only secondary traits for others. A test score indicating a person's level of sociability is of great value when sociability is a central trait for that person, but may be of limited value when it is not.
43
[Nomo vs Idio approach] The vast majority of trait researchers use the ________ approach.
Nomothetic
44
According to Allport, what constitutes an adequate theory of personality? (5)
(1) Personality as contained within the person. (2) Views persons as filled with variables that contribute to actions. (reaction to behaviorism) (3) Seeks motives for behavior in the present not the past. (4) Employs units of measure capable of living synthesis. (against test scores) (5) Adequately account for self-awareness.
45
[Allport] Proprium
Organizing agent that integrates all aspects of personality (Soul, self, mind, ego etc....)
46
[Allport] What are the two types of conscience?
Must conscience (fear of punishment) & Ought conscience (tied to proprium-certain goals ought to be attained/avoided)
47
[Allport] Stages of Proprium Development (7) + Ages + Explanations
(1) Bodily self (0-3yo): become aware of their own existence and distinguish their own bodies from objects in the environment. (2) Self identity (0-3yo): realize that their identity remains intact despite the many changes that are taking place. (3) Self esteem (0-3yo): learn to take pride in their accomplishments (4) Extension of the self (4-6yo): recognize the objects and people that are part of their own world. (5) Self-image (4-6yo): develop actual and idealized images of themselves/behavior + become aware of satisfying (or not) parental expectations. (6) Self as a rational coper (6-12yo): egin to apply reason and logic to the solution of everyday problems. (7) Propriate striving (adolescence): formulate long-range goals and plans. Adulthood: Normal, mature adults are functionally autonomous, independent of childhood motives.
48
Murray had the opportunity to interact with ______
Carl Jung As a result, Murray's writings are filled with references to the unconscious
49
The psychoanalytic influence on Murray's work also can be seen in one of his principal contributions to the field of personality, the _________________.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
50
[Murray] What's the name of his discipline?
Personology: Study of the person. Identified psychogenic needs as the basic elements of personality.
51
[Murray] What's a need? + What are the 2 type of needs
Needs = Basic elements of personality Viscerogenic needs = Food, water Psychogenic needs (27) = Readiness to respond in a certain way under certain given conditions. Can be activated by cues in the environment.
52
[Murray] Whether a need is activated depends on the situation, which he called the ____.
press -> what triggers the expression of a need E.g., your need for Order won't affect your behavior without an appropriate press, such as a messy room.
53
What are Murray's principles? (5)
(1) Personality is rooted in the brain (2) Tension reduction (3) Individual's personality continues to develop over time (4) Personality changes (5) Each person is unique - and similar
54
Main contribution of Raymond Cattell
Factor Analysis
55
According to Cattell, there are two types of traits, what are they?
Source traits: Basic traits that make up the human personality Basic traits: Make up the human personality source traits.
56
Using factor analysis, Raymond Cattell suggested that ____ pairs of ______ represented the basic dimensions of personality.
sixteen, source traits
57
Using these source traits, Cattell developed the _______________ a measure that provides scores for each of the source traits.
Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF)
58
Eysenck found that personality could be best be described in 3 major dimensions. What are they?
Extraversion, neuroticism (~emotion stability), and psychoticism (~degree to which reality is distorted).
59
Characteristics of High Need Achievers (5)
(1) Taking moderate risks. (not high -> misconception) (2) Tackling work with a lot of energy. (3) Being disinterested in routine and boring jobs. (4) Preferring jobs that give personal responsibility for outcomes. (you wanna play a role) (5) Wanting concrete feedback about the performance.
60
Misconceptions about high achievers in entrepreneurial world (3)
(1) Don't take huge risks (2) Don't work too hard at everything (3) Don't like routine jobs
61
Three dimensions to analyze the kinds of attributions people give for their successes and failures
(1) Stability in attribution: stable vs unstable causes (2) Locus in attribution: internal vs external (3) Control: can we control or not success/failure
62
Achievement-goal theory
People adopt different types of achievement goals that influence their behavior and performance. There are two main types of achievement goals in this theory: mastery goals and performance goals.
63
Type A vs Type B person
Type A: heart attack, motivated to overcome obstacle. Type B: life is chillax
64
Three major components that appear to make up the Type A trait
(1) Higher competitive achievement striving than Type Bs. (2) Sense of time urgency. Time is important and shouldn't be wasted. (3) More likely to respond to frustrating situations with anger and hostility.
65
Personality researchers have compared Type A and Type B people on a wide variety of behaviors. One hypothesis to come out of this work explains differences in Type A and Type B behavior in terms of ____________.
a motivation for control -> Components making the Type A trait reflects the desire to exercise effective control over the people and situations they encounter.
66
What's the "toxic" component of Type A personality?
Hostility. They tend to have a strong reaction to the small frustrations and inconveniences we all experience. -> Type A not necessarily bad, can lack the hostility component
67
Researchers have uncovered three ways our emotions can be examined as relatively stable personal characteristics. We differ in: _______
(1) Affectivity (emotions typically good or bad) (2) Intensity (strength of emotions) (3) Expressiveness (way we express it)
68
[about positivism vs pessimism] The Japanese students consistently expressed a more _________ outlook than the Canadians. They also had lower scores on __________________ than participants from individualistic cultures.
pessimistic, dispositional optimism
69
Eysenck divided the elements of personality into units that can be arranged hierarchically. Explain this hierarchy
(1) Specific response level (2) Habitual response level (3) Trait (4) Supertrait (e.g. extraversion)
70
What are the main physiological differences between introverts and extraverts? (3)
(1) Sensitivity to Stimulation (2) Sensitivity to Reinforcement (behavioral approach system (BAS) vs behavioral inhibition system (BIS)) (3) Temperament
71
[biological approach] People with a highly active BAS are similar to those scoring high in _______, and those with a highly active BIS are similar to people scoring high in __________.
extraversion, neuroticism -> Consistent with this analysis, scales designed to measure BAS and BIS correlate with scales measuring extraversion and neuroticism, respectively.
72
Three temperament dimensions
(1) Emotionality (intensity of emotions) (2) Activity (3) Sociability
73
Researchers also find gender differences in temperament. What is the most likely for a temperament for a girl vs boy?
Girls are more likely than boys to exhibit an effortful control temperament. Boys are more likely than girls to be identified with a surgency temperament.
74
Three temperament types
Well-adjusted, Undercontrolled, Inhibited
75
Research on alpha wave levels in the __________________________ has proven particularly useful in understanding individual differences in emotion.
anterior (front) area of the cerebral hemisphere => cerebral asymmetry, EEG asymmetry
76
Researchers noticed that higher activation in the left hemisphere was associated with ____________________, whereas higher activation in the right hemisphere was indicative of ____________________.
positive moods, negative moods
77
Although humanistic psychology evolved from many sources, its roots lie primarily in two areas. What are they?
(1) Existential philosophy (2) The work of some American psychologists, most notably Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.
78
According to the humanistic approach, we are all motivated to progress toward some ultimately satisfying state of being. Carl Rogers referred to this state as becoming a _____________________. Maslow used the term _________________.
fully functioning individual, self-actualization
79
[Humanism] Statistical determinism
People may freely make choices about how they will behave, but those choices are still based on factors that scientists can often observe, measure, and perhaps manipulate
80
Eight Components of optimal Experience [nom impossible a prononcer]
(1) The Activity Is Challenging and Requires Skill. (2) One's Attention Is Completely Absorbed by the Activity. (3) The Activity Has Clear Goals. (4) There Is Clear Feedback. (5) One Can Concentrate Only on the task at Hand. (6) One Achieves a Sense of Personal Control. (7) One Loses Self-Consciousness. (8) One Loses a Sense ofTime.
81
According to Rogers, where does anxiety comes from?
Anxiety often results from encountering information that is inconsistent with the way we think of ourselves.
82
Rogers called our most common defense _______.
distortion "He was in a bad mood when he said that"
83
However, at some point, the gap between self-concept and reality may become so large that even our defenses are inadequate. In this case, people experience what Rogers called a state of _________________________.
disorganization
84
Rogers started something new in therapy about how therapists "regard" their patients. Explain that.
Conditional vs Unconditional positive regard
85
Type of therapy developed by Rogers
Person-Centered Therapy: Therapist don't understand patient as well as they understand themselves. Provides an atmosphere within which clients are able to help themselves.
86
[Rogers] Principles in Person-Centered Therapy
(1) Therapists must first create the proper relationship with their clients (open, genuine). (2) Unconditional positive regard from the therapist (3) Process of reflection (rather than interpret what clients really mean, help clients listen to what they are saying) (4) Therapists never tell clients what the client really means to say
87
How can a humanistic psychologist demonstrate that clients are more fully functioning or closer to self-actualization after a few months of therapy?
Q-Sort Technique
88
Maslow identified two types of motives. What are they?
Deficiency and Growth motives
89
Maslow identified two kinds of love, what are they?
D-love (based on deficiency, selfish love) & B-love
90
There are two basic types of esteem needs
(1) Need to perceive oneself as competent and achieving (2) Need for Admiration and respect.
91
By his own admission, Maslow's methods were far from scientifically rigorous. Rather than using statistical analyses, he relied on ____________.
holistic analysis

Personality (3 decks)

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