The Coastal Zone

Question 1

What are constructive waves?

Answer 1

Waves created on a flat beach with strong swash and weak backwash. Good for deposition and use little energy

Question 2

What are destructive waves?

Answer 2

Waves created on a steep beach, weak swash and strong backwash. Use more energy and good for erosion

Question 3

What is hydraulic power?

Answer 3

Sheer power against the rocks cause air trapped in the cracks and caves of cliffs is compressed increasing pressure on the rocks

Question 4

What is abrasion?

Answer 4

The breaking waves through sand and pebbles against the rock face. These break off pieces of rock and cause undercutting

Question 5

What is solution/corrosion?

Answer 5

This is the chemical action of the sea water on the rocks.

Question 6

What is attrition?

Answer 6

Particles carried by the waves knock against each other and are broken down into sand size particles

Question 7

What happens in long shore drift?

Answer 7

Waves arrive at the beach at an angle.
Sediment is washed up on the beach in the swash.
Sediment is moved straight down the beach in the waves backwash.
This process continues.
Therefore the width of the beach is bigger at one end than the other

Question 8

What is solution?

Answer 8

Dissolved rock, often from limestone or chalk

Question 9

What is suspension?

Answer 9

Particles carried in the water

Question 10

What is traction?

Answer 10

Large pebbles rolled along the seabed

Question 11

What is saltation?

Answer 11

A hopping or bouncing motion of particles too heavy to be suspended

Question 12

What is deposition?

Answer 12

Deposition is when the sea loses energy, it drops the sand, rock particles and pebbles it has been carrying

Question 13

What are the two types of mass movement?

Answer 13

Rotational slumping

Sliding

Question 14

What is rotational slumping?

Answer 14

Slump of saturated soil and weak rock along a curved surface

Question 15

What is sliding?

Answer 15

Blocks of rock slide downhill

Question 16

What is weathering?

Answer 16

The disintegration or decay of rocks in their original place

Question 17

What are the two types of weathering?

Answer 17

Mechanical and chemical

Question 18

How is a headland created?

Answer 18

Hard rock erodes a lot slower than soft rock.

This creates a headland.

Question 19

How is a bay formed? How is a beach formed?

Answer 19

Wave refraction mirrors at the headland, making convergent waves. The divergent waves create the bay. The convergent waves continue to make a headland. The divergent waves slow down so deposition creates a beach

Question 20

What is a spit?

Answer 20

A spit is a finger of new land made of sand and shingle jutting out into the sea from the coast

Question 21

What is a beach?

Answer 21

A deposition of sand or shingle at the coast often found at the head of a bay

Question 22

What is a bar?

Answer 22

A spit that has grown across a bay connecting two headlands

Question 23

What are three hard engineering strategies?

Answer 23

Sea wall
Groynes
Rock armour

Question 24

What are three soft engineering strategies?

Answer 24

Beach nourishment
Dune regeneration
Marsh creation

Question 25

Costs and benefits of using groynes?

Answer 25

``` Cost = sediment is no longer deposited further along the beach so the beach is smaller Benefit = stops longshore drift ```

Question 26

What is a benefit of beach nourishment?

Answer 26

Creates larger beach to absorb the seas energy

Question 27

What are the two main reasons for sea level rise?

Answer 27

Increase in the seas and oceans as the earth warms The tilting of the British Isle as the land readjusts from the last ice age. Sea levels are rising

Question 28

What are the characteristics of stud land bay?

Answer 28

Sand dunes Weedy bay Heathland

Question 29

How is studland bay being protected?

Answer 29

Sssi Boat owners not to go near seahorse habitat Fencing off sand dunes National trust

Question 30

What is wave strength affected by?

Answer 30

``` Shape of sea bed Wind strength Prevailing wind Shape of beach Fetch (distance over which the wind blows) ```

Question 31

What is mechanical weathering?

Answer 31

Breakdown of rock without changing its chemical composition

Question 32

What is chemical weathering?

Answer 32

Breakdown of rock by changing its chemical composition

Question 33

What is mass movement?

Answer 33

Shifting of rocks and loose material down a slope

Question 34

What is beach nourishment?

Answer 34

Sand or shingle from elsewhere is added to beaches

Question 35

What is dune regeneration

Answer 35

Creating or restoring sand dunes by either nourishment or by planting vegetation to stabilise the land

Question 36

What is marsh creation?

Answer 36

Planting vegetation in mudflats along the coast

Question 37

What is managed retreat?

Answer 37

Removing an existing defence and allowing the land behind it to flood