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The Coastal Zone Flashcards

1
Q

What causes tides

A

Gravitational pull between moon and earth

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2
Q

High tides are

A

12 hours apart

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3
Q

2 types of tides

A

Spring and neap

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4
Q

What’s a wave

A

Friction on water surface which agitates particles

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5
Q

Wave length

A

Distance between two successive troughs/peaks

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6
Q

Wave height

A

Distance between troughs and peaks

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7
Q

Fetch

A

Amount of open ocean wind has blown across

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8
Q

Waves break because

A

Particles become distorted and water is held back by friction on sea bed, surface of water carries on travelling and spills over the shoreline

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9
Q

Destructive waves

A

Longer, higher, more frequent, 14 pm, winter

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10
Q

Constructive waves

A

Lower, shorter, 10pm, summer

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11
Q

Weathering

A

The breakdown of rocks

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12
Q

4 type of weathering

A

Mechanical, physical, biological, chemical

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13
Q

Mechanical/physical weathering

A

Eg freeze thaw- water seeps into cracks, freezes, expands 9% causes rock to crack then melts and seeps further into rock

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14
Q

Chemical weathering

A

Eg limestone and rain- weak carbonic acid+CaCO2 causes corrosion

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15
Q

Biological weathering

A

Roots grow through rocks/animals burrow in cracks

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16
Q

Rockfalls

A

Fragments of rock break away from cliff face

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17
Q

Mudflow

A

Saturated soil and weak rock flows down slope

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18
Q

Landslide

A

Blocks of rock slide down hill

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19
Q

Rotational slip

A

Slump of saturated soil and weak rock along curved surface

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20
Q

General mass movement

A

Permeable/semi permeable rock collects on surface of impermeable rock- layer of water collect in between the two layers preventing them form join and so top layer eventually shifts

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21
Q

Hydraulic action

A

Water hits shore and enters cracks- air pushed back and when water seeps back out pressure built up with air being pulled forward again causes rock to crack

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22
Q

Wave pounding

A

Cliff worn away from force of waves hitting surface

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23
Q

Corrosion

A

Acid in sea water dissolves the rock

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24
Q

Attrition

A

Materials being carried by the water collide and become smoother and small particles

25
Formation of stump
- waves pick out weak spot in rock - this becomes a notch and later a cave - abrasion and solution persist so both side of headlands are wearing away - 2 caves meet and become an arch - sea rain and frost cause roof of arch to collapse creating a stack - stack vulnerable to low tide and so becomes a stump
26
Examples of stacks/stumps
Old Harry's Rocks'- Dorset 'Needles'- Isle of Wight 'Etratat'- Normandy
27
Features of deposition
Beaches, spits and tombolos
28
Where do beaches form?
Sheltered areas where swash is greater than backwash
29
Spits
Long narrow strips of land formed when coastline changes direction causing deposition
30
Examples of spits
Dawlish warren and slapton key
31
Cliff collapse
Permeable rock on top of impermeable rock- water pool created between layers saturating the permeable rock, causing it to slip off
32
Hold the line
Take action to preserve the coastline as it is
33
Advance the line
Improve coastal defence
34
Hard engineering
Artificial structures built to control nature- intrusive and expensive
35
Soft engineering
Working with nature to preserve coastline- low maintenance and inexpensive with low impact on landscape
36
Sea walls
Absorb wave energy/ send waves back to sea - sloped, recurved and stepped
37
Advantages of sea walls
Strong and effective
38
Disadvantages of sea walls
Expensive High maintenance Intrusive Unattractive
39
Groynes
Right angle to shoreline to interrupt longshore drift
40
Advantages of grounds
Cheaper than sea wall Sustainable Low maintenance Maintains beach tourism Good for fishers
41
Disadvantages of groynes
Major construction Interrupt coastline- destroy beaches along the coast Must be frequently rebuilt
42
Rock amourment
Boulders at bottom of cliff to absorb wave energy £1000-£5000 per metre Could also be gabions (wire boxes full of rocks)
43
Advantages of rock amourment
Relatively cheap Look more natural than others
44
Disadvantages of rock amourment
Difficult to get rocks May be unattractive Dangerous for animals/children
45
Tetrapods
Large concrete structures with 4-5 arms eg Scarborough 33 million to install
46
Advantages of tetrapods
Very effective Protects coastline well
47
Disadvantages of tetrapods
Expensive Ugly Dangerous Large construction When they erode the metal structure is exposed
48
Beach nourishment
Extra sediment placed on beach to increase size
49
Advantages of beach nourishment
Relatively cheap Looks natural Remains attractive Sustainable
50
Disadvantages of beach nourishment
Constant maintenance needed (twice a year) eg Seaford
51
Sand dunes/dune regeneration
Found on large beaches, occur when plants trap sediment being carried by wind and fences can be installed to encourage this
52
Advantages of sand dunes/dune regeneration
Natural looking Maintains sand dune ecosystem £2000 per 100m Good for tourism Brings plant diversity
53
Disadvantages of sand dunes/dune regeneration
Easily destroyed by people Storms destroy them Time consuming installation
54
Managed retreat
Allowing the sea to reclaim the land and flood it creating a salt marsh
55
Advantages of managed retreat
Cheap Increased biodiversity Natural
56
Disadvantages of managed retreat
Lost value of land Farmers lose land Tourism lost
57
Salt marshes
Causes mud accumulation in sheltered areas (spits or estuaries)as they provide habitats. Once it reaches water level it's called a mud flat
58
Cord grass
Pioneer species- can grow in first stage of salt marsh as it tolerates being submerged in water. It traps sediment and holds land together with roots

Geography (6 decks)

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