Changing Urban Environments Flashcards
0
Q
What are urban environments
A
Built up areas aka cities
1
Q
Figure from 2008
A
Half of the worlds population lived in towns or cities
2
Q
What is urbanisation
A
Process of an increase proportion of the population living in cities and towns + Growth of towns and cities at the expense of the countryside
3
Q
Urbanisation from 1950-2050 more developed regions
A
Very high urban population but rate if growth has slowed down since 1990
4
Q
Urbanisation from 1950-2050 least/less developed regions
A
Least- risen rapidly since 1970
Less- steeper incline
5
Q
Least urbanised country
A
Africa
6
Q
Urbanisation North v South
A
North much more
7
Q
Iceland figure
A
3/4 of population live in the capitals
8
Q
LEDC figure
A
40% of population live in cities
33% live in slum conditions
9
Q
By 2030…
A
60% of worlds people will live in cities
10
Q
Most rapidly urbanising continent
A
Africa
11
Q
Urban population daily increase
A
180,000
12
Q
MEDC figure
A
75% of population live in cities
13
Q
Millionaire cities
A
Population over 1 million
14
Q
Mega cities
A
Population over 10 million
15
Q
Regular cities
A
Population under 1 million
16
Q
Millionaire cities
A
- LA
- Mexico City
- Buenos Aires
- Sao Paulo
- New York
- Paris
- Mumbai
- Calcutta
- Seoul
- Tokyo
17
Q
Tropic of Cancer
A
Above the equator
Most of the worlds largest cities are found to the North of it
18
Q
Tropic of Capricorn
A
Below the equator
19
Q
What is rural to urban migration?
A
Movement of people from the countryside into cities which is the initial reason for urbanisation e.g. England 1850s
20
Q
Push factors of rural to urban migration
A
- Hard to work without machinery
- Fewer manual workers needed as wealthy landowners will use machinery
- Plots of land get to small for subsistence family as it is passed down generations
- Natural hazards destroy crops
- Fertilisers and seeds aren’t affordable so low income from the low yield
21
Q
Pull factors of rural to urban migration
A
- Jobs opportunities
- Wider resource to better standard of education
- Easier to access to healthcare
- Better entertainment
- Better housing and standard of living
- Easier access to food
- Higher income
22
Q
Price of land in cities
A
Closer to the CBD land is much more expensive
23
Q
Land use in the CBD
A
- Often listed buildings to outside is kept but inside is completely renovated
- Tall buildings (vertical expansion)
- Buildings which aren’t listed are torn down and replaced by modern alternatives
- Limited parking to reduce congestion
- Large shops and department stores
- Narrow, old roads so a lot of congestion
- Pedestrianised areas
- Few green spaces
- Often multipurpose buildings are found
- Busy on streets
24
CBD
Central business district
25
Land use in the inner city
1. No public green spaces
2. Terraced buildings originally for factory workers which is high density housing
3. 'Grid iron road system'
4. On street parking which narrows roads
26
Land use in the suburbs
1. Local primary schools
2. Mostly residential buildings
3. Newer areas are in these outskirts
4. Low density housing w/ gardens
5. More space for money spent
6. No car parks, on street parking
7. Open space, lots of vegetation
27
Housing as an issue of living in urban areas
1. More people living on their own before marriage
2. Rising divorce rates
3. More elderly people and don't live with children
4. Space is limited but housing is needed
28
Issues of living in urban areas in MDCs
1. Housing
2. The inner city
3. Traffic
4. CBD
5. Multicultural mix
29
Population in future in England
52.5 million by 2021
30
UK population rise
Increased by 7% since 1971
31
Advantages of building on brownfield sites
1. Recycling land
2. Planning permission easy to get
3. Councils want areas used
4. Derelict before development
5. Already have utilities (water, electricity, gas, etc)
6. Roads already there
7. Entertainment already around
32
Advantages of building on greenfield sites
1. Nothing to get rid of
2. Cheaper because it will be in outskirts
3. Roads built where they are wanted
4. Access to out of town shopping facilities
5. More pleasant environment
6. More space for gardens
33
Solutions to housing problem in urban areas
Gentrification which is when wealthy people come into the area, purchase houses then personally renovate them and this slowly improves the area
34
Strategies to solve inner city issues in urban areas
1. Redeveloping
2. City challenge
3. Sustainable
35
The inner city as an issue of living in urban areas
1. Housing is very poor quality because built basically for factory workers in 1830s-1910s
2. Government have been slowly redeveloping these areas
36
Traffic as an issue of living in urban areas
There is a lot of congestion in areas
37
Solutions to traffic as an issue in urban areas
1. Encourage use of public transport
2. Encourage cycling (e.g. Boris bikes)
3. Park and ride system
38
The CBD as an issue of living in urban areas
Late 1980s there was a rise in out of town shopping centres so central business district shops were forced to shut down and area becomes unpleasant
39
Solutions to CBD issues in urban areas
Renovations of areas were necessary
40
Multicultural mix as an issue of living in urban areas
1. Immigrants choose to live in certain areas
2. Stigma then attached to these areas and people feel unwelcome
3. This creates a segregated society
41
Why do immigrants move to the same area
1. Seek safety and security in numbers
2. No language barrier
3. Specialist facilities such as shops, places of worship
4. Areas will often be affordable
42
Squatter settlement
Area of city which is built by people on land that they do not own which materials which they have found
43
Informal sector
Part of economy where jobs are created by people in desperate need of income
44
Conditions of squatter settlements (6)
1. Unstable buildings, no foundations
2. No electricity, water
3. Disease and filth
4. Poorly paid jobs for inhabitants
5. No school for children
6. High crime rate
45
Self help for improving squatter settlements
Local authorities help by providing water and sturdy materials
Also help to make schools and health centres
Grant legal ownership of land so there is no danger of eviction
46
Site and service schemes for improving squatter settlements
Formal way
| Before settlements are made proper foundations are laid and electricity and water is provided
47
India computer statistic
Import 4.5 million computers a year
48
Problems of rapid of urbanisation in poorer parts of the world
1. Environmental disasters
2. Electronic waste
3. Water pollution
4. Waste and pollution
5. Waste disposal
6. Air pollution
49
Electronic waste as a problem of rapid of urbanisation in poorer parts of the world
When laptops die they become e waste
50
What happens at landfill site in India
Poorer people will go through the rubbish in order to salvage any remotely useful or valuable things.
Electronic devices will be burnt/crushed/boiled to get valuable parts out like platinum
51
Problems of what happens at landfill site
When these electronic devices are taken apart, it can release toxic substances such as lead or cadmium which causes health issues.
This has been confirmed by Indian doctors who say there are increasing cases of people will high lead levels
52
Water pollution as a problem of rapid of urbanisation in poorer parts of the world
Caused by a lack of sanitation
| Problem because people bathe and wash their belongings in the rivers which have been polluted with human waste
53
Example of water pollution
Ganges River- granted $200 million by the World Bank to resolve the issue
54
Shanghai consumption rates (Waste and pollution)
70% of China's carbon emissions come from Shanghai
| 73% of electricity used in Shanghai is from coal
55
Deaths from Shanghai emissions (Waste and pollution
400,000
56
Waste in Shanghai from development (Waste and pollution
30,000 tonnes removed every day to accommodate for building work and regular population
57
Solutions for waste and pollution issue
Guidelines for safe waste disposal and amount
58
Waste disposal as a problem of rapid of urbanisation in poorer parts of the world
Provides a resource to people as children and adults salvage through it to sell things
59
Sao Paulo waste disposal
7500 tonnes of waste in 2 incinerators everyday
60
Greenpeace opinion
Each company should take responsibility for their adequate disposal of waste as poor areas become areas where toxic waste can be disposed of
61
China coal consumption
80% of electricity comes from coal
62
Solutions for air pollution
1. New materials eg low sulphur coal
2. Carbon tax (India)
3. Stronger regulations on emissions for transnational corporations
4. Reducing cars in cities (Mexico City) with congestion charge or improving public transport
63
Londons landfill sites
Largest one will be full in 5 years
64
What is a sustainable city
- Decrease impact on global environment
- Increase quality of urban environment
- Increase quality of life
65
UK waste production
400 million tonnes a year
30 million from households
UK sends more waste to landfill sites than any other country
66
2001/2011 UK waste
2011- 40% of household waste was recycled
| 2001- 11%
67
Solutions for waste disposal in MDCs
1. Reduce plastic bags used
| 2. No prepackaged goods in supermarkets
68
Incineration
This can be used to generate electricity however it produces polluting gases
69
Involvement of the community in a sustainable city
If locals are involved they are more likely to help maintain and if they are given a small amount of green space they will care more about the land around it
70
Providing an efficient public transport system in a sustainable city (London)
- Cut private car use with congestion charge
- Crossrail project
- 2012, extension to tube lines
- Oyster card
71
What makes cities unsustainable
1. Fossil fuels (for energy and construction)
2. Air pollution (cause breathing problems)
3. Water pollution (causes disease outbreak)
4. Climate change (damages buildings)
72
Different levels toward making changes
- International (Kyoto Protocol, UN resolution)
- National (OPEC, government)
- Local
- Personal (become more self-reliant for resources)
