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Ice On Land Flashcards

0
Q

What’s an input

A

Comes from avalanches on sides of glaciers and precipitation of snow

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1
Q

Where was ice age in Britain

A

Ice extended to the line connecting the Severn estuary to the Thames estuary

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2
Q

What’s storage in a glacier

A

Ice accumulates and is compressed into ice and stored

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3
Q

What’s an output

A

Meltwater and evaporation

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4
Q

Zone of accumulation

A

Snow builds up at a certain point as more snow is gathering than melting

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5
Q

If the zone of accumulation exceeds the zone of ablation

A

than the glacier will move advance as it has expanded

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6
Q

If the zone of ablation exceeds the zone of accumulation

A

Then the glacier will retreat as it is shrinking

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7
Q

In the summer a glacier

A

Retreats

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8
Q

In the winter a glacier

A

Advances

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9
Q

Most of the worlds glaciers are

A

Retreating

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10
Q

What’s the snout of a glacier

A

Front end of it

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11
Q

Why’s the snout blue

A

High pressure
Air has pushed out
Very compact ice
This makes it blue

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12
Q

Ice in the middle of the glacier

A

Firn ice which is grey

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13
Q

3 forms of glacial erosion

A
  1. Free thaw action
  2. Abrasion
  3. Plucking
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14
Q

What is plucking

A

Glacial ice freezes onto rock on the valley base and when the glacier moves it pulls bits of rocks away with it

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15
Q

What is abrasion

A

Rock which has become integrated into the glacier (moraine) wears away at the valley sides and floor

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16
Q

Examples of glacial transfers

A

Advancing
Retreating
Meltwater

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17
Q

6 glacial landforms

A
  1. Corries
  2. Arêtes
  3. Pyramidal peaks
  4. Glacial troughs
  5. Truncated Spurs
  6. Hanging valleys
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18
Q

Formation of a corrie

A
  1. Ice collects in natural hollow shady side of mountain
  2. As more snow collects it compacts the snow beneath turning into ice
  3. Ice will rotate in hollow which which will widen and deepen it with plucking and abrasion
  4. As it starts to move out of the hollow it forms and armchair shape where it is spilling out and it’s heightened by deposition of moraine
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19
Q

Welsh name for corries

A

Cwms

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20
Q

French name for corries

A

Cirques

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21
Q

Lakes in corries

A

Tarns

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22
Q

Example of a corrie

A

Cwm idwal in North Wales

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23
Q

How does an arête form

A
  1. 2 corries from on either side of a mountain
  2. Both wear back until the rooof both steep back walls meet and from a sharp edge
  3. This is an arête
24
How big are arêtes
Can be up to serve meters long
25
Examples of arêtes
Hellvelyn in the Lake District | Cader Idris in Snowdonka
26
How does a pyramidal peak form
1. Three or four corries from back to back on a mountain | 2. Steep back walls meet to form a peak (series of arêtes)
27
Examples of pyramidal peaks
Matterhorn in Switzerland Everest in the Himalayas Eiger in Switzerland
28
What is a glacial trough
Valley which has undergone glaciation
29
Characteristics of glacial troughs
``` Wider Flatter U shaped Smooth valley floor More angular with pyramidal peaks and arêtes Truncated Spurs Hanging valleys ```
30
What's a ribbon lake
Long straight lake on glaciated valley floor which take away the top layer of weaker rock
31
Why do hanging valleys form
Tributary valleys had much smaller and weaker glaciers in them so were not eroded as deeply as the main valley and often waterfalls are found in them
32
Why do truncated spurs replace interlocking spurs
Glacier doesn't bend around meanders it cuts straight through the landscape
33
Examples of glacial valleys
Nant Frrancan valley | Lauter Brünnen valley
34
Different moraine types
1. Lateral moraine 2. Medial moraine 3. Ground moraine 4. Terminal moraine
35
Lateral moraine
Carried on the sides of the glacier and deposited here
36
Medial moraine
Formed when 2 glaciers meet and lateral of both becomes medial moraine
37
Why would two glaciers meet
Two tributary glaciers meet at a confluence and become one large glacier
38
Ground moraine
Masks any former landforms because very large quantity left at base of valley
39
Terminal moraine
Left behind at the snout at right angel to the valley sides
40
Why/how do ribbon lakes form
Softer rocks have eroded more easily when a glacier moves This means there are deeper sections where meltwater collects Deposition of moraine creates a dam trapping this forming a lake
41
What are drumlins
Elongated features made of till
42
How large can drumlins be
500m in width, 50m in height and 1000m in length
43
Collection of drumlins
Called a swarm
44
How do drumlins form
``` Ice becomes overloaded with sediment Deposits some Moves faster as it less heavy Drops less as it moves faster This created elongated egg shape ```
45
What is an avalanche
Sudden downhill movement go snow which can also contain ice and rock
46
How many types of avalanches are there and what are they
Losse snow avalanches | Slap avalanches
47
How fast can avalanches travel
Up to 300km/h
48
What is a loose snow avalanche
Movement of lose powdery snow which usually starts from one single point on a mountain
49
What is a slab avalanche
Large slabs of ice and snow break away from the hillside and move rapidly downhill with immense power
50
Causes of avalanches
1. Heavy snowfall 2. Uneven rates of freezing 3. Deforestation 4. Steep slopes 5. Vibrations 6. Wind direction 7. Temperature rise 8. Heavy rainfall
51
How does heavy snowfall cause an avalanche
Increases weight of snow significantly
52
How does uneven freezing rates cause an avalanche
Distinct layers of snow and ice so slabs aren't completely stuck together
53
How does deforestation cause an avalanche
Trees interrupt the flow of snow, break it into different paths and increase stability of the slope
54
How does steep slopes cause an avalanche
Avalanches are more likely to occur on slopes with an angle of 30 degrees of higher
55
How to prevent vibrations from causing an avalanche
Created by noise or off piste skiers AFter heavy snowfall in a resort people will go out and set off explosives on the slopes in order to induce an avalanche to stop one occurring when there are skiers on the slope
56
How does wind direction cause and earthquake
Wind can move snow to a certain place and it will pile up and could start to move downhill
57
How does heavy rainfall cause an avalanche
Lubricates slope so snow doesn't bond to layers below/the slope and moves downhill
58
How does temperature rise cause an avalanche
Snow melts and falls into snow beneath, lubricating the slope which stops snow from bonding to slope

Geography (6 decks)

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