The Citric Acid Cycle and Terminal Respiration Flashcards
where does citric acid cycle occur
mitochondrial matrix
where do electrons go after the CAC
passes them on to form NADH and FADH2
what is oxidization
the loss of electrons
where does Acetyl CoA come from
pyruvate from glycolysis and fatty acids are oxidized further to produce Acetyl CoA
how many molecules of ATP comes from one molecule of glucose
2
why is it dangerous for too much oxygen molecules
free radicals forming
electrons from the citric acid cycle (and before) binds with electron carriers to ultimately produce what
water
what do the electrons from the citric acid cycle (and before) combine with to produce water
protons and molecular oxygen
in simple terms, what does the acid citric cycle do
to harvest electrons to oxidise food molecules to CO2 and H2O
how is pyruvate dehydrogenase regulated
by its intermediate products and ATP (from the end point of cellular respiration)
if the cell has enough energy, what molecules regulate the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
ATP, Acetyl CoA and NADH
if the cell needs more energy, what molecules regulate the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
pyruvate and ADP
blocking isocitrate dehydrogenase causs what
citrate build up
what are the consequences of citrate build up
citrate will shuttle into the cytoplasm causing PFK1 to stop glycolysis
what can activate pyruvate carboxylase
the build up of acetyl CoA
what does anaplerotic mean
Greek work meaning to fill up
where is the only site of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes
mitochondria specifically in the mitochondrial matrix
where does beta-oxidation happen in the cell
mitochondrial matrix
what does oxidoreductase do
oxidises one thing while reducing some thing else
what is in the middle of a oxidoreductase complex
iron-sulfur centres
what is the purpose of iron-sulfur centres
to allow electrons to pass through the (oxidoreductase) complex and eventually passing the electrons to ubiquinone (Q)
what does the heme group do in complex 2 in the electron transport chain
it blocks stray e-‘s that are coming up from the iron-sulfur centres
if the heme group in complex 2 is deformed, what can happen?
electrons can start forming free radicals of O2 (superoxide) - leading to paraganglioma (in some tissues)
what is paraganglioma
benign tumours in the head and neck - particularly in the carotid body
how many reduced cytochrome c is made from oxidising one ubiquinol
2
in complex 4 in the electron transport chain, how do electrons pass through
they go through iron-copper centres
hoe do the energy stored up in the H+ gradient used
proton motive work (the chemical charges on either side of the membrane and pH differences) AND molecular turbine
what is chemiosmosis
the movement of protons from the one side of a membrane to the other
ATPase described in detail
two parts: F0 and F1, F0 rotates, F1 had 6 sub units (3 alpha and 3 beta), gamma subunit on the middle (where electrons pass through to bind with ADP and Pi
what subunit does the ADP and Pi enter in the ATPase
beta subunit
why does F0 rotate in ATPase
to separate the ATP from the beta subunit
what is malignant hyperthermia
diseased caused by leaky mitochondrial membranes that uncouple electron transport and ATPase
what does halothane do
it causes leaky inner mitochondrial membranes in muscle leaky in some way
intentional uncoupling of ATPase and …, what happens
nor-epinephrine triggers the opening of a channel in a protein called thermogenin. Breaks the gradient and protons come in and out of the matrix. the energy that would have been stored is released as heat
