Carbohydrates and Intermediary Metabolism

Question 1

what is the major metabolic process for most organism

Answer 1

carbohydrate catabolism

Question 2

what types of electrons do carbohydrates have

Answer 2

H atom-associated electrons; highly oxidizable; major energy source

Question 3

what type of sugars is carbohydrates stored as in animals and plant

Answer 3

glycogen (animals) and starch (plants)

Question 4

what type of structural and protective functions do carbohydrates have on animals cells

Answer 4

extra cellular matrices of animal cells

Question 5

what are the 3 main monosaccharides

Answer 5

glucose, galactose and fructose

Question 6

what type of bond link monomers together

Answer 6

glycosidic bonds

Question 7

what type of bond are glycosidic bonds

Answer 7

covalent bonds

Question 8

what is an anomeric carbon

Answer 8

carbon is flipped over//the OH group is on the other side

Question 9

what is the 3 important disaccharides

Answer 9

lactose, maltose and sucrose

Question 10

how do we get maltose into the body

Answer 10

through diet

Question 11

what type of sugar is maltose

Answer 11

reducing sugar

Question 12

why is maltose a reducing sugar

Answer 12

anomeric C-1 is available for oxidation

Question 13

when glucose and glucose form together, what type of reaction is it and what are the products

Answer 13

condensation
maltose and water

Question 14

when maltose is broken down, what are the products and what process does it go through

Answer 14

glucose and glucose
hydrolysis

Question 15

what is the main sugar in milk

Answer 15

lactose

Question 16

what type of sugar is lactose

Answer 16

reducing sugar

Question 17

what type of sugar is sucrose

Answer 17

non-reducing sugar

Question 18

what are homopolysaccharides

Answer 18

single monomeric species

Question 19

what are heteropolysaccharides

Answer 19

have two or more monomer species

Question 20

what are the two types of glucose polymer in starch

Answer 20

amylose and amylopectin

Question 21

in terms of structure, what is the difference in amylose and amylopectin

Answer 21

similar but amylopectin contain branches

Question 22

what type of structure does starch have

Answer 22

alpha helices

Question 23

what is the ratio between reducing ends to non-reducing ends in starch

Answer 23

not many (reducing) to a lot (non-reducing)

Question 24

glycogen is a polymer of what

Answer 24

glucose

Question 25

what is the purpose of glycogen in liver

Answer 25

acts to replenish blood glucose when fasting

Question 26

what is the purpose of glycogen in skeletal muscle

Answer 26

catabolism produces ATP for contraction

Question 27

is glycogen more branched or is starch

Answer 27

glycogen

Question 28

what does it mean if polymers have many non-reducing ends

Answer 28

speeds up the formation or degradation of them

Question 29

what are 3 reasons as to why glucose is stored as polymers

Answer 29

-compactness
-amylopectin and glycogen have many non reducing agents
-the polymers form hydrated gels and re not really “in solution”

Question 30

what are glycoproteins

Answer 30

proteins that have carbohydrates attached to it by covalent bonds

Question 31

carbohydrate attached to proteins may:…

Answer 31

• increase the protein solubility
• influence protein folding and conformation
• protect it from degradation
• act as a communication between cells

Question 32

what are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

Answer 32

un-branched polymers made from repeating units if hexuronic acid and an amino-sugar

Question 33

where are glycosaminoglycans located

Answer 33

in mucus and also synovial fluid around the joints

Question 34

proteoglycans