Carbohydrates and Intermediary Metabolism Flashcards
what is the major metabolic process for most organism
carbohydrate catabolism
what types of electrons do carbohydrates have
H atom-associated electrons; highly oxidizable; major energy source
what type of sugars is carbohydrates stored as in animals and plant
glycogen (animals) and starch (plants)
what type of structural and protective functions do carbohydrates have on animals cells
extra cellular matrices of animal cells
what are the 3 main monosaccharides
glucose, galactose and fructose
what type of bond link monomers together
glycosidic bonds
what type of bond are glycosidic bonds
covalent bonds
what is an anomeric carbon
carbon is flipped over//the OH group is on the other side
what is the 3 important disaccharides
lactose, maltose and sucrose
how do we get maltose into the body
through diet
what type of sugar is maltose
reducing sugar
why is maltose a reducing sugar
anomeric C-1 is available for oxidation
when glucose and glucose form together, what type of reaction is it and what are the products
condensation
maltose and water
when maltose is broken down, what are the products and what process does it go through
glucose and glucose
hydrolysis
what is the main sugar in milk
lactose
what type of sugar is lactose
reducing sugar
what type of sugar is sucrose
non-reducing sugar
what are homopolysaccharides
single monomeric species
what are heteropolysaccharides
have two or more monomer species
what are the two types of glucose polymer in starch
amylose and amylopectin
in terms of structure, what is the difference in amylose and amylopectin
similar but amylopectin contain branches
what type of structure does starch have
alpha helices
what is the ratio between reducing ends to non-reducing ends in starch
not many (reducing) to a lot (non-reducing)
glycogen is a polymer of what
glucose
what is the purpose of glycogen in liver
acts to replenish blood glucose when fasting
what is the purpose of glycogen in skeletal muscle
catabolism produces ATP for contraction
is glycogen more branched or is starch
glycogen
what does it mean if polymers have many non-reducing ends
speeds up the formation or degradation of them
what are 3 reasons as to why glucose is stored as polymers
-compactness
-amylopectin and glycogen have many non reducing agents
-the polymers form hydrated gels and re not really “in solution”
what are glycoproteins
proteins that have carbohydrates attached to it by covalent bonds
carbohydrate attached to proteins may:…
- increase the protein solubility
- influence protein folding and conformation
- protect it from degradation
- act as a communication between cells
what are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
un-branched polymers made from repeating units if hexuronic acid and an amino-sugar
where are glycosaminoglycans located
in mucus and also synovial fluid around the joints
proteoglycans
