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General Biology I > The chemical Building blocks of life, Chapter 3 > Flashcards

The chemical Building blocks of life, Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Molecules consisting only of C and H are called?

A

Hydrocarbons

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2
Q

Hydrocarbons release energy making them good fuels.

A

Oxidation

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3
Q

Specific groups with definite chemical properties in biological molecules, attach to the C-H core

A

Functional groups

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4
Q

Organic molecules having the same molecular formula can exist in different forms called

A

Isomers

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5
Q

have the same carbon skeleton but differ in how the groups attached to the C skeletons are arranged in space

A

Stereoisomers

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6
Q

Type of stereoisomers, where molecules are mirror images of each other

A

Enantiomers

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7
Q

A molecule that has a mirror-image version is called

A

Chiral

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8
Q

Long molecules built by linking together a large number of small, similar chemicals subunits called monomers

A

Polymer

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9
Q
  • OH group is removed from one monomer
  • H is removed from one monomer
A

Dehydration

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10
Q
  • OH group added to one monomer
  • H added to one monomer
A

Hydrolysis

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11
Q

Monosaccharides (single sugar)

A

Simple carbohydrates, sugar monomer

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12
Q
  • Two linked monosaccharides
A

Disaccharides( two sugars)

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13
Q

Longer sugar polymers made of monosaccharides that have been joined by dehydration reactions

A

Polysaccharides(many sugars)

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14
Q
  • Differs in the position of the carbonyl group (C=O)
  • GLUCOSE AND FRUCTOSE TASTE DIFFERENT
  • Enzymes can be specific to isomer
A

Structural Isomer

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15
Q

Is a stereoisomer that differs I the position of the OH and H groups, relative to the ring

A

Galactose

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16
Q
  • A form that plants use to transport glucose
  • Most common sugar that humans and other animals eat
A

Sucrose

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17
Q

Storage polysaccharides made of a-glucose molecules- a linkages

A

Starch

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18
Q

Structural polysaccharide made of glucose molecules- B linkages

A

Cellulose

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19
Q
  • Simple starch, composed of 100’s of a-glucose in long unbranched chains
  • Each molecule is linked between carbon 1 and carbon 4 of 2 glucose molecules
  • The long chains coil up in the water, making branches
A

Amylose

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20
Q
  • Variant of amylose, with branches
  • branches result from bonds between the carbon 1 and carbon 6 of 2 glucose molecules
A

Amylopectin

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21
Q
  • In animals is compared to starch
  • Insoluble polysaccharide, containing branched amylose chains
  • longer chains, and more branches than plant starches
A

Glycogen

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22
Q

Why do we have a hard time digesting plants?

A

Long unbranched chains make tough fibers make up plant cell walls

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23
Q
  • structural polysaccharides found in arthropods and fungi
  • made of polymer, N-acetylglucosamine, a nitrogen-containing derivate of glucose
  • cross-links with proteins, to form tough surface material
A

Chitin

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24
Q
  • Carry and transmit information inside cells
  • Polymers of nucleotides
A

Nucleic acids

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25
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)

A

genetic information is stores in DNA

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26
Q

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

Short-lived copies of DNA are made in the form of RNA, RNA directs the synthesis of proteins

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27
Q

Each nucleotide consists of 3 components

A
  • 5 carbon sugar
  • Phosphate group(-PO4-)
  • Nitrogenous base, an organic nitrogen-containing molecule
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28
Q

Carbon sugar

A
  • In DNA sugar is deoxyribose- without O
  • In RNA the sugar is ribose- with O
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29
Q

Polynucleotides are formed by joining phosphates nucleotide to a hydroxyl group on the sugar of another, in a dehydration reaction.

A
  • Phosphodiester bond
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30
Q
  • Large, double-ring molecules found in DNA and RNA
  • Adenine(a) and Guanine (G)
A

Purines

31
Q

Single ring molecules

A

Pyrimidines

32
Q

in DNA and RNA

A

Cytosine (C)

33
Q

In DNA

A

Thymine (T)

34
Q

In RNA

A

Uracil (U)

35
Q

DNA 4 letters in the genetic code

A

A,T,G,C

36
Q

RNA 4 letters in the genetic code

A

A,G,C,U

37
Q

Bae pairing (are complementary to each other) and occur through

A

Hydrogen bonding

38
Q

In DNA
- A bond with ?
- G bonds with ?

A
  • T
  • C
39
Q

RNA differs chemical from DNA in 2 way

A
  • Contains sugar
  • Has Uracil instead of Thymine
40
Q

RNA is produced through a process called
- Where is copied from DNA in a single strand

A

Transcription

41
Q

Roles of RNA within the cell

A
  • Carrying information (messenger RNA)
  • In the ribosome (ribosomal RNA)
  • Carrying amino acids (transfer RNA)
42
Q
  • The energy currency of the cell
  • Cells use the energy released by breaking down food to make ATP, ATP can then be hydrolyses to carry out many cellular functions.
A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

43
Q

proteins are

A

polymers of amino acids- there are 20 different amino acids.

44
Q

Contain an amino group (-NH2) and an acid carboxyl group (-COOH)

A

Amino acids

45
Q

The specific order of amino acids, in a protein chain, determines

A

proteins structure and function

46
Q

The unique properties of each amino acid is determined by

A

The side chain (R group)

47
Q

2o amino acids are grouped into 5 chemical classes

A
  • Nonpolar
  • Polar, uncharged
  • Charged
  • Aromatic
  • Special functions/Unique properties
48
Q

On pair of amino acids can undergo dehydration reaction to form a covalent bond

A

Amino and Carboxyl groups

49
Q

The bond linking 2 amino acids together is called?

A

Peptide Bond

50
Q

Bonded amino acids are not free to rotate around the N-C linkage

A

Unique feature of peptide bond

51
Q

Discovered that proteins were made of specific amino acids sequences

A
  • Federico sanger, 1950’s
52
Q
  • A protein is composed of one or more long-branched chains, each is called
  • 1 or multiple chains can make up a protein
A

Polypeptide

53
Q

The structure of proteins exist in

A

4 hierarchal levels

54
Q

The proteins amino acid sequence
- any changes can have drastic effects on function

A

Primary structure

55
Q

Polypeptide backbone can hydrogen bond with water or other amino acids

A

Secondary structure

56
Q

peptide coiled into a spiral

A

a-helix

57
Q

interactions between peptides next to each other from a planar structure

A

B-Pleated sheet

58
Q
  • The final 3D shape of the protein
  • Regions with a secondary structure are arranged
  • driven into the tertiary structure by hydrophobic exclusion
  • Depending on the side chain (R Group)
  • ionic bonds form between charged R groups
  • Disulfide bonds form, covalent bonds between cystines
  • Stablish by interactions among R groups
  • Hydrogen bonding, electrostatistic forces, hydrophobic exclusion
A

Tertiary structure

59
Q
  • Final structure for the protein
  • arrangement of multiple polypeptide subunits
  • when 2 or more polypeptide chains associate to form a protein the individual chains are called subunits
A

Quaternary structure

60
Q

Similar structures elements(secondary structure) found in dissimilar proteins

A

Motids

61
Q

Functional units within a larger protein structure, most proteins are made up of multiple domains that make up different parts of the proteins function

A

Domains

62
Q

Proteins must fold correctly into their secondary and tertiary structures

A

If they don’t their function may be altered or inactivated

63
Q

Proteins that help other proteins fold correctly
- High temperature, can cause proteins to unfold, HSP help protein to re-fold after heat shock.

A

Chaperone Proteins

64
Q
  • Proteins are sensitive to environmental changes
  • pH, temperature or changes in ion concentration
A

Denaturation inactivates proteins

65
Q

Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions usually have a very narrow range of Environment conditions

A

Enzymes

66
Q

defined as molecules that are insoluble in water because they have a high portion of nonpolar C-H bonds

A

lipids

67
Q

Long-chain hydrocarbons, with a carboxyl group (COOH)

A

Fatty acids

68
Q

3 Carbon polyalcohol (3-OH groups)

A

Glycerol

69
Q

A glycerol molecule with three fatty acid chains attached

A

Triglyceride

70
Q

If all the internal carbon atoms in the fatty acid are bonded to 2 hydrogen atoms (maximum # of hydrogen)

A

Satured

71
Q

If double bonds occur between 1 or more of the carbon atoms (= fewer H atoms)

A

Unsaturated

72
Q

Fatty acids with one double bond

A

Monounsaturated

73
Q

Multiple double bonds

A

Polyunsaturated

General Biology I (4 decks)

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