the changing uk economy Flashcards
compare the job sectors
primary - land based eg farming
secondary - manufacturing eg factory
tertiary - service eg nursing
quarternary - high tech eg research
how has uk economy changed
18th century - primary
19th century - insdustrial revolution, secondary eg textile
current - tertiary
causes of economic change in uk and define each
de-industrialisation - decline in secondary
globalisation - growth & spread of ideas
government policies
how has de-industrialisation changed uk economy
decline in secondary due to:
- machinery replacing factory workers
- cheaper production elsewhere as labour is cheaper, eg in china
how has globalisation changed uk economy
- increases quarternary as industries such as transport, communication, and internet are increasingly used
- increased world trade and cheaper imports, lower secondary
how have government policies changed uk economy
1950s-60s - government created state-run industries eg national rail
1980s - 2000s - privatisation: state-run industries sold to private shareholders, many industries and jobs lost. however, new private companies created brought innovation & change, eg canary wharf
2010+ - “rebalance”: investments in secondary and less prosperous north of UK. policies:
- improving transport eg elizabeth line
- investment in high tech manufacturing, encouraging firms to locate, eg bristol
what is a post - industrial economy
a shift in economy - UK shifts secondary to quarternary after industrial revolutiom
what has moved the uk to a post industrial economy
IT, service industry and finance, research
how has IT moved uk to a post industrial economy
- enables worldwide communication and work from home, especially since covid 19
- IT sector employs 1.3 million in uk, one of worlds largest digital economies
how has service industry and finance moved uk to a post industrial economy
tertiary has rapidly grown since 1970 - now 81% of economic output
eg finance - worlds leading sector, 10% economic output with 2 million workers
how has research moved uk to a post industrial economy
60 000 employees contribute 3 billion to economy and projected to grow
- communication with high-end unis to stay on cutting edge of science & technology
how can improving roads affect the uk
eg: south west super highway
- £2 billion to widen the often congested main motorway to south west to a dual carriageway, said to become “super highway”
- hundreds of construction jobs
- improved connectivity and widened roads reduces congestion, increasing efficiency of delivery & improving punctuality at school/work
- widening destroys local habitat
- increased noise pollution for locals
- congestion still remains
how can improving railways affect the uk
eg: londons crossrail - links reading and heathrow in the west to shenfield and abbey wood in the east
- reduce journey times
- brings additional 1.5 million people within 45 minute journey of key business districts
- opened 3.5 years late and £4 billion over budget.
how can improving ports affect the uk
eg: liverpool 2 - new container terminal
- capacity more than doubled, 1.5 million containers annually. reduced road traffic as less road transport needed
- over 5000 jobs created
- poorly designed, poor access for lorries. requires greater infrastructure: protests due to costs, noise, environment,
how can improving airports affect the uk
- creates global links, improving economy both regionally and nationally
eg londons airports - 2015 project to create third runway, £19 billion
- expected to boost economy by £61 billion
- 77 000 jobs created
- hundreds of homes must be demolished
- increased noise pollution
- planes are most polluting mode of transport, more runways = more planes
what is a science park
a group of scientific and technical knowledge - based businesses located on a single site
what is a business park
area of land occupied by a cluster of businesses
where are science and business parks often located
on edges of towns for
- better access with less congestion
- land is cheaper
- better work environment
science parks: close to unis to attract top graduates and share research
example of science park with brief description
university of southampton science park.
- 100 small science and innovation businesses eg award winning software business Gresham Tech
advantages of university of southampton science park
- close links with uni of southampton to attract top graduates and share research
- attractive location with extensive fields/woodland
- excellent transport links eg M3 to london, southampton international airport
example of business park with brief description
cobalt business park in newcastle-upon-tyne
- uks largest business park with several support facilities eg retail outlets and a fitness centre
- companies eg santander
advantages of cobalt business park
- transport links eg A19, and 20 mins from international airport
- businesses there are qualified for government assistance, offers employment for newcastle, which suffered economic decline due to traditional industries closing
disadvantages of science and business parks
- growth in housing demand increases house prices - lower paid workers cannot afford
- built on greenfield. green belt under further pressure due to housing demand as workers wish to live nearby workplace
impacts of industry (eg quarry) on environment
- visual impact on landscape
- waste often taken to landfill, pollutes water, soil, air
- transport of material often needs road construction/widening, transport increases air pollution
how can industrial development be made more environmentally sustainable
- technology can be used to reduce harmful emissions from power stations and heavy industry
- desulphurisation removes harmful gases eg sulphur dioxide
- heavy fines imposed when pollution incidents occur
how is quarrying made more sustainable
strict environmental laws eg restoration, removing dust from road, relandscaping, recycling
example of industrial development that is more environmentally sustainable and brief description
tor quarry in somerset
- contributes £15 million annually to local economy
how is tor quarry environmentally sustainable
- being restored: recreation, habitats, limestone features for natural look
- noise, vibration, dust are regularly monitored
- plans to expand quarry: deepened rather than widened - less damaging
example of somewhere experiencing population growth with brief description
south cambridgeshire
- rural area surrounding cambridge
- 11% population are migrants
- 160 000, projected to be 190 000 by 2031
social effects of population growth (case study)
- 80% car ownership increases traffic on narrow country roads
- modern developments in villages and gentrification of run-down buildings: objections, broken community spirit
economic effects of population growth (case study)
- 80% car ownership, high fuel demand so high fuel prices
- reduced agricultural employment as farmers sell land for housing (however employment in construction)
- pressure on services as commuters may use services in place of work, eg cambridge
social effects of population decline (case study)
- fewer students -> school closure, those left are limited
- increasingly ageing population and fewer younger people -> difficulty employing people for active jobs, lack of carers
example of somewhere experiencing population decline and brief description
outer hebrides
- 65 scottish islands
- declined 50% since 1901
- 27 000 and decreasing due to limited job opportunity, younger people
economic effects of population decline
- farmers can only provide work up to 2 days a week
- high tourism (200 000 annually) -> current infrastructure cannot support scale, income limited
what is the north south divide and describe it
the real or imagined cultural and economic difference between north and south of uk,
- south generally with higher SoL, life expectancy and income
- however also suffers with higher housing prices and congestion, lower mental well-being
why is there a north south divide
- growth was centred in northern areas during industrial revolution
- many of these industries declined & moved elsewhere during post revolution, reduced prosperity in north.
- fast-growing service industry in south & london becoming major financial centre, rapid development in south.
how can we resolve the north south divide
regional strategies:
- LEPs (Local Enterprise Partnerships)
- enterprise zones
what are LEPs and how can they resolve the north south divide
partnerships between local authorities and businesses
- identify local business needs and encourage companies to invest, boosting economy and creating jobs
eg lancashire LEP, £1 billion
- 11 000 jobs created
- construction of major road to M55
- improved road access & decreased traffic
what are enterprise zones and how can they resolve the north south divide
encourages new businesses and jobs. government supports by:
- providing business rate discount (lower tax)
- ensuring the provision of superfast broadband
what are the uks links with the wider world
- trade
- culture
- television
- migration
- transport
- electronic communication
- member of international organisations eg the G7 and NATO
how does trade link the uk to the wider world
- important links with EU, USA and China
- increasing as internet develops, eg finance and communications
how does culture link the uk to the wider world
- global importance of english language provides many strong cultural links
- british music, sport, and television sold globally, eg coldplay, football/premier league, Dr Who
- migrants bring culture eg food, festivals (notting hill)
how does television link the uk to the wider world
- eg dr who, downtown abbey, top gun
- £1.5 billion of export earnings in 2019
- largest markets are USA, france, australia
how does transport link the uk to the wider world
- heathrow is one of worlds busiest airports
- Channel tunnel and ferries link to mainland europe
- provides tourism and trade
how does electronic communication link the uk to the wider world
- 99% of all internet communications pass along submarine cables, UK is one of main focuses
- 2017 project Arctic Fibre plans to connect asia, canada & europe with 15 000km cables
uk economic links
EU - member 1973 - 2020:
- still have free trade arrangement
- freedom of movement between countries no longer exists
how did the eu affect the uk
- financial support for farmers and disadvantaged regions of uk, eg £18 million for dairy farmers
- laws and controls of crime & pollution
- goods, services and labour were able to move freely between member states and encourage trade
uk political links
member of commonwealth - 54 nations
- advice on a range of issues eg human rights, economic develpoment
- trading and cultural links eg commonwealth games
