the changing ocean

Question 1

what are some problems with fisheries

Answer 1

• bycatch and unselective fishing
• habitat destruction
• changes in species abundance
• shifting baseline syndrome

Question 2

what are some solutions to reach sustainability of fisheries

Answer 2

• selective fishing regulations
• gear improvements
• fish at MSY
• Fish below MSY for rebuilding

Question 3

what are some problems with aquaculture

Answer 3

• feeding ratios and sources
• drug use (antibiotics)
• farm locations
• eutrophication

Question 4

what are some solutions to reach sustainability in aquaculture

Answer 4

• effective feed research
• organic methods and mutualisms
• away from migration routes or high value ecosystems
• mutualisms

Question 5

what percentage of the total heating from 1955-2003 resulted in energy transfer to the ocean

Answer 5

84%

Question 6

what are the two main components which oceans absorb

Answer 6

1) heat = 90% of green house gases trapped as heat = results in level rise, increased temp, less O2
2) Carbon (25% of carbon emissions trapped)= ocean acidification

Question 7

what are the consequences of global warming on coral reefs

Answer 7

1) coral bleaching = loss of symbiotic zooxanthelle from corals

Question 8

what are some mechanisms which can explain loss of zooxanthella in corals

Answer 8

1) in-situ degradation
2) symbiont expulsion
3) host cell detachment
4) host cell death

Question 9

what affects can ocean acidification have

Answer 9

1) low PH can make it harder to deposit calcium carbonate in shells and more likely to dissolve
2) threaten corals

Question 10

to date how much plastic has been produced

Answer 10

8.3 billion tonnes
5 billion discarded and 0.8 tonnes incinerated

Question 11

what is the hypothesis to where alot of the missing plastic has gone

Answer 11

1) imprecise measurements
2) UV and waves break plastic down and thin incorporated into sediments or food chain
3) comes back to shoreline