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Life in the oceans > shallow seas > Flashcards

shallow seas Flashcards

1
Q

what is the maximum depth light can penetrate water and what is this zone called

A

200m
the euphotic zone

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2
Q

what are some physical characteristics of shallow seas/ continental shelves

A
  • highly productive
  • responsible for 90% of the worlds fisheries
  • high sedimentation rates
  • temp varies seasonally
  • well mixed
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3
Q

how does the width of continental shelves vary

A

shelves are wider on passive/ trailing margins compared to being more narrow on leading/active margins

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4
Q

what is the difference between a passive and active margin

A

passive = A passive margin is the transition between oceanic and continental lithosphere that is not an active plate margin. A passive margin forms by sedimentation

active= An active continental margin is found on the leading edge of the continent where it is crashing into an oceanic plate

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5
Q

what does DOM and DIM stand for

A

dissolved organic matter
dissolved inorganic matter

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6
Q

what is a benthic community

A

organisms which live in or very near the substratum (ocean floor)

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7
Q

how are benthic communities classified

A

1) size
2) location
3) feeding strategies

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8
Q

what are the different sizes of benthic communities

A

1) macrobenthos = 0.5mm or larger
2) meiobenthos = smaller than 0.5mm
3) microbenthos = smaller than 0.1mm

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9
Q

what are the different classifications of benthic organisms regarding location

A

1) endobenthos= either buried or partially buried
2) epibenthos = on the surfaces of sediments
3) hyperbenthos= organisms living just above the surface

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10
Q

what are the different feeding strategies

A

1) suspension feeders
2) deposit feeders
3) herbivores
4) carnivores
5) scavengers
6) filter feeders

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11
Q

give some examples of techniques used to survey shallow water communities

A

1) van veen grab
2) bottom trawl
3) dredge
4) underwater camera/BRUVS
5) scuba

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12
Q

define recruitment

A

arrival of new individuals to a population

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13
Q

what are the two phases of coral life cycle

A

1) pelagic phase
2) benthic phase

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14
Q

outline the pelagic phase of a corals life cycle

A

1) reproduction forms larvae
2) larvae are then dispersed

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15
Q

outline the benthic stage of a corals life cycle

A

1) recruits form up to a week after dispersal and grow into juvinles after a few months/years
2) juviniles continue to grow into adults years/ decades after settlement and reproduce

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16
Q

outline some characteristic of softbottom sublittoral communities

A
  • dominate the continental shelf
  • unvegetated so most primary productivity from phytoplankton
  • environment differs in light, temp and particulate stability
  • sessile forms less common
17
Q

what species use soft bottom or sublittoral areas for fishery gorunds

A

1) cod which feeds on macrofauna
2) common skate
3) nephrops norbegicus which burrows into soft ground

18
Q

outline some characteristics of seagrass beds found in soft bottom communties

A
  • marine plants which produce flowers seeds and fruits
  • form meadows
  • minimum 5% surface irridiance needed
  • need calm waters
  • very productive
19
Q

what species can live amongst sea grass beds

A
  • epiphytic algae (a plant which grows on another = epiphytic)
  • diatoms
  • cyanobacteria
  • detritus rich sediments
20
Q

what percentage of primary production produced by sea grass beds is consumed by herbivores

A

50%

21
Q

how much of sea grass meadows have been lost since 1980

A

40% and around 90% historically with 7% lost each year

22
Q

what are some characteristics of hard bottom sublittoral communities

A
  • strong currents
  • sessile forms may have adaptations to resist drag
  • many autotrophs and passive suspension feeders
  • high competition for space as highly productive
23
Q

what is an infralittoral zones

A

a region of shallow water close to shore typically dominated by algae

24
Q

what is the circalittoral zone

A

beyonds the infralittoral and below agal zone dominated by sessile animals

25
Q

what are some common british kelps

A

1) saccarina latissima
2) laminaria digitata
3) laminaria hyperborea

26
Q

outline some characteristics of ginat kelp (macrocystis)

A
  • many leave like fronds up to 5 m long
    -stem or stipe up to 30m long
  • highly productive= growth artes up to 50cm
27
Q

what is the main predator or giant kelp beds

A

urchin populations
sea otters eat sea urchins
but sea otter pop in decline

28
Q

what is a maerl

A

a group of free living coralline red algae which forms crusts on rocks

29
Q

outline some characteristics of maerl ecology

A
  • only grows a few mm a year
  • very diverse habitat
  • require currents
  • depth limited at light
30
Q

what are some threats to maerl

A
  • scallop dredging
  • anchors and mooring chains
  • eutrophication
  • aquaculture
  • obstruction to water flow

Life in the oceans (21 decks)

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