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Themes and perspectives 2 > The changing nature of work > Flashcards

The changing nature of work Flashcards

1
Q

How can work be defined?

A

paid labour
productive labour
study
something you don’t enjoy

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2
Q

How can the idea that work needs to be paid be criticised?

A

Capitalism cannot function without unpaid labour – women’s work in the domestic sphere, reproductive labour, pointed out by feminists

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3
Q

How can the idea that study is work be criticised?

A

You aren’t paid (in fact you pay for the privilege!) but you produce value for the university

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4
Q

How can the idea that work needs to be unenjoyable be criticised?

A

A lot of people feel like a whole life without work seems meaningless, never mind if we are paid or not

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5
Q

what are 4 characteristics of desirable work?

A

creative
autonomous
flexible
playful

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6
Q

what are 4 characteristics of undesirable work?

A

low wage
zero hours
precarious
personalised risk

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7
Q

when did Luc Boltanski and Eve Chiapello publish the New Spirit of Capialism?

A

1999

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8
Q

who published the New Spirit of Capialism?

A

Luc Boltanski and Eve Chiapello

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9
Q

how did Boltanski and Chiapello conduct their study?

A

Read through management manuals about how best to produce an efficient worker

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10
Q

how can the new economy be described?

A

knowledge economy

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11
Q

what major changes since the twentieth century have changed the economy? (4)

A

Automation
•De-industrialisation
•Expansion during the post war period than stabilisation of the public sector
•Expansion than stabilisation of the service industries

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12
Q

what is automation?

A

manual working class jobs replaced by machines

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13
Q

what happened to create de-industrialisation?

A

influence of globalisation, industries now take place in developing countries and the goods are imported

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14
Q

what percentage of the under 30s population went to uni in 1950?

A

3.4%

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15
Q

what percentage of the under 30s population went to uni in 2017?

A

49%

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16
Q

how can the mass expansion of the uni system be explained? (2)

A

•more jobs require better education, more aspirations for individuals

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17
Q

what are the leisure like features of knowledge work? (7)

A
  • Blurring of home/work/coffee shop boundary
  • Flexible working patterns
  • Pay by tasks performed, not hours worked
  • Toys/play/gamification
  • Emotional labour – especially true in hospitality/retail
  • Autonomy
  • Location in areas associated with the arts
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18
Q

what 3 spirits of capitalism did Boltanski and Chiapello identify?

A

entrepreneurial
managerial
network

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19
Q

when did entrepreneurial capitalism take place?

A

1800s-1920s

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20
Q

what did entrepreneurial capitalism critique?

A

‘traditional’ societies

21
Q

how did entrepreneurial capitalism see liberation occurring? (2)

A

Market

Choice

22
Q

what was the philosophy of entrepreneurial capitalism? (2)

A

Enlightenment

Liberalism

23
Q

what were the methods of entrepreneurial capitalism?

A

Entrepreneurialism

24
Q

what is the protestant work ethic?

A

emphasised hard work, frugality and discipline, especially due to strand of protestantism called Calvinism

25
Q

when did managerial capitalism take place?

A

1900-1980s

26
Q

what did managerial capitalism critique? (4)

A

Austerity
Inequality
Individualism
Overproduction

27
Q

how did managerial capitalism see liberation occurring? (4)

A

through Standardisation
Security
Consumption
State control

28
Q

what was the philosophy of managerial capitalism? (2)

A

Collectivism

Keynesianism

29
Q

what is Keynesian economics?

A

active role of government in welfare

30
Q

what were the methods of managerial capitalism? (2)

A

Fordism

Taylorism

31
Q

what is Fordism?

A

a model of economic expansion and technological progress based on mass production: the manufacture of standardized products in huge volumes using special purpose machinery and unskilled labor

32
Q

what is Taylorism?

A

the attempt to make business decisions on the basis of data that is researched and tested quantitatively

33
Q

what was the subjecthood of managerial capitalism?

A

consumer-citizen

34
Q

when did network capitalism take place?

A

1960s-present

35
Q

what does network capitalism critique? (2)

A

Dehumanisation

Consumer society

36
Q

how does network capitalism see liberation occurring? (4)

A

Autonomy
Flexibility
Creativity
Individualism

37
Q

what is the philosophy of network capitalism?

A

post-modernism

38
Q

what are the methods of network capitalism? (2)

A

Project work

Career fluidity

39
Q

what is the subjecthood of network capitalism?

A

‘self-starter’

40
Q

when did Guy Standing publish the Precariat?

A

2011

41
Q

what is Standing’s novel called?

A

The Precariat

42
Q

what is the precariat?

A

a global class distinct from the proletariat: precarious workers

43
Q

who is included within the precariat? (4)

A

recent graduates, migrants, young mothers, older workers with manual skills

44
Q

what defines the precariat? (2)

A

Instability of work and identity, feeling of anxiety

45
Q

when did Hay publish “What do low-paid workers think would improve their working lives?”?

A

2015

46
Q

how did Hay carry out her study on low-paid workers?

A

Carried out focus groups with those on zero hour contracts in retail, hospitality and care work

47
Q

what did Hay find in relation to what the low-paid workers wanted?

A

Workers valued flexibility but wanted more security

48
Q

what did Hay find in relation to pay for the low-paid workers?

A

Pay was important, but also connected to broader considerations of recognition and worth eg care work felt valued by society, despite it being physically and emotionally exhausting

49
Q

why did the low-paid workers feel reluctant to ask for different conditions?

A

felt lucky to have work

Themes and perspectives 2 (8 decks)

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