2001 Health - Navarro and Shi political context Flashcards
when was Navarro and Shi’s study published?
2001
what does Navarro and Shi’s study reflect upon?
reflects on the importance of political parties, and the policies they implement when in government, in determining the level of equalities/inequalities in a society, the extent of the welfare state (including the level of healthcare coverage by the state), the employment/unemployment rate, and the level of population health
what four political traditions do they identify during what time frame?
social democratic, Christian democratic, liberal and ex-fascist in advanced OECD countries during the golden years of capitalism (1945-80)
how did Navarro and Shi group countries together?
based on the type of party which had been dominant during those years
why did Navarro and Shi conduct their study?
previous lack of consideration of how political variables impact health
how can social democratic countries be characterised? (6)
high union density
high social security expenditures
high taxation
high public employment in health services, education, and welfare
full employment and universalistic social policies
how does the social democratic tradition consider women?
as part of the working population, hence the high levels
what is the exception to women going to work?
in Austria where a Catholic tradition emphasised the family rather than the state as the primary provider of services to children
what was the average union density in the late 70s for the social democratic countries?
70
what was the average union density in the late 70s for the Christian democratic countries?
43.9
what was the average union density in the late 70s for the liberal countries?
43
what was the average union density in the late 70s for the ex-fascist countries?
0
how do you define union density?
percentage of the working population enrolled in unions
how do you define social security expenditure?
as percentage of GDP
what was the average social security expenditure in the late 70s for the social democratic countries?
23.2
what was the average social security expenditure in the late 70s for the Christian democratic countries?
21.6
what was the average social security expenditure in the late 70s for the liberal countries?
15.2
what was the average social security expenditure in the late 70s for the ex-fascist countries?
7.7
how do you define public expenditure?
as percentage of GDP
what was the average public expenditure on health in 1990 for the social democratic countries?
6.7
what was the average public expenditure on health in 1990 for the Christian democratic countries?
6.4
what was the average public expenditure on health in 1990 for the liberal countries?
5.5
what was the average public expenditure on health in 1990 for the ex-fascist countries?
4.6
what was the child poverty rate in 1997 for the social democratic countries?
3.92
what was the child poverty rate in 1997 for the Christian democratic countries?
7.84
what was the child poverty rate in 1997 for the liberal countries?
18.1
what was the child poverty rate in 1997 for the ex-fascist countries?
12.8
how is household income inequality defined?
relative to national median incomes, ratio 90th to 10th percentile compared
what are the Christian democratic parties?
Conservative parties based in the Christian tradition, with the male as the breadwinner
what countries are considered Christian democratic?
Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, France, Italy, and Switzerland
why are the Christian democratic countries the least homogenous?
due to need to form coalitions, however their common characteristic is that they were the dominant group during the coalition or that they governed for the longest length of time
who do the Christian democratic countries rely on for welfare provision?
rely primarily on the family for the provision of social services to the elderly, the disabled, and children
what was the infant mortality rate in social democratic countries in 1960?
23.1
what was the infant mortality rate in Christian democratic countries in 1960?
29.2
what was the infant mortality rate in the liberal countries in 1960?
26.3
what was the infant mortality rate in the ex-fascist countries in 1960?
53.8
what was the infant mortality rate in social democratic countries in 1996?
4.5
what was the infant mortality rate in Christian democratic countries in 1996?
5.3
what was the infant mortality rate in liberal countries in 1996?
6.4
what was the infant mortality rate in ex-fascist countries in 1996?
6.4
what percentage of elders lived with their children in 1999 in Sweden (SD)?
11
what percentage of elders lived with their children in 1999 in Italy (CD)?
39
what percentage of elders lived with their children in 1999 in the UK (Lib)?
16
what countries are considered ex-fascist?
Spain, Greece, Portugal
what defines a fascist regime? (3)
(1) the highly repressive nature of the states, a repression directed primarily at the working class; (2) the most regressive fiscal policies in existence in Europe at that time; and (3) the underdeveloped welfare states
in Spain in 1960, what percentage of expenditure on the armed police force was spent on health and education?
60%
who did the fascist countries rely on for welfare? why?
heavily influenced by Catholic teachings that relied on women for the care of family members.
what defines liberal countries?
Labour is weak, capitalist class is strong Benefits are provided based on proven financial need(means-tested programs) Welfare functions are assigned to the private sector, with the state covering only the minimum
why has Britain been considered a liberal country?
as it has a relatively low welfare expenditure and the welfare state isn’t comprehensive, with the exception of the NHS
why are benefits provided in a social democratic country?
citizenship alone
why are benefits provided in a Christian democratic country?
workers’ rights
why are political variables important for influencing health incomes?
these political forces represent the interests of classes and other social forces with different interests in redistributive policies
which group has been the most committed to redistributive policies, leading to better health outcomes?
social democratic
what was the household income inequality rate from 1990-91 in the social democratic countries?
2.79
what was the household income inequality rate from 1990-91 in the Christian democratic countries?
3.14
what was the household income inequality rate from 1990-91 in the liberal countries?
4.63
what was the household income inequality rate from 1990-91 in the ex-fascist countries?
4.4
