2001 Health - Navarro and Shi political context

Question 1

when was Navarro and Shi’s study published?

Answer 1

2001

Question 2

what does Navarro and Shi’s study reflect upon?

Answer 2

reflects on the importance of political parties, and the policies they implement when in government, in determining the level of equalities/inequalities in a society, the extent of the welfare state (including the level of healthcare coverage by the state), the employment/unemployment rate, and the level of population health

Question 3

what four political traditions do they identify during what time frame?

Answer 3

social democratic, Christian democratic, liberal and ex-fascist in advanced OECD countries during the golden years of capitalism (1945-80)

Question 4

how did Navarro and Shi group countries together?

Answer 4

based on the type of party which had been dominant during those years

Question 5

why did Navarro and Shi conduct their study?

Answer 5

previous lack of consideration of how political variables impact health

Question 6

how can social democratic countries be characterised? (6)

Answer 6

high union density
high social security expenditures
high taxation
high public employment in health services, education, and welfare
full employment and universalistic social policies

Question 7

how does the social democratic tradition consider women?

Answer 7

as part of the working population, hence the high levels

Question 8

what is the exception to women going to work?

Answer 8

in Austria where a Catholic tradition emphasised the family rather than the state as the primary provider of services to children

Question 9

what was the average union density in the late 70s for the social democratic countries?

Answer 9

70

Question 10

what was the average union density in the late 70s for the Christian democratic countries?

Answer 10

43.9

Question 11

what was the average union density in the late 70s for the liberal countries?

Answer 11

43

Question 12

what was the average union density in the late 70s for the ex-fascist countries?

Answer 12

0

Question 13

how do you define union density?

Answer 13

percentage of the working population enrolled in unions

Question 14

how do you define social security expenditure?

Answer 14

as percentage of GDP

Question 15

what was the average social security expenditure in the late 70s for the social democratic countries?

Answer 15

23.2

Question 16

what was the average social security expenditure in the late 70s for the Christian democratic countries?

Answer 16

21.6

Question 17

what was the average social security expenditure in the late 70s for the liberal countries?

Answer 17

15.2

Question 18

what was the average social security expenditure in the late 70s for the ex-fascist countries?

Answer 18

7.7

Question 19

how do you define public expenditure?

Answer 19

as percentage of GDP

Question 20

what was the average public expenditure on health in 1990 for the social democratic countries?

Answer 20

6.7

Question 21

what was the average public expenditure on health in 1990 for the Christian democratic countries?

Answer 21

6.4

Question 22

what was the average public expenditure on health in 1990 for the liberal countries?

Answer 22

5.5

Question 23

what was the average public expenditure on health in 1990 for the ex-fascist countries?

Answer 23

4.6

Question 24

what was the child poverty rate in 1997 for the social democratic countries?

Answer 24

3.92

Question 25

what was the child poverty rate in 1997 for the Christian democratic countries?

Answer 25

7.84

Question 26

what was the child poverty rate in 1997 for the liberal countries?

Answer 26

18.1

Question 27

what was the child poverty rate in 1997 for the ex-fascist countries?

Answer 27

12.8

Question 28

how is household income inequality defined?

Answer 28

relative to national median incomes, ratio 90th to 10th percentile compared

Question 29

what are the Christian democratic parties?

Answer 29

Conservative parties based in the Christian tradition, with the male as the breadwinner

Question 30

what countries are considered Christian democratic?

Answer 30

Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, France, Italy, and Switzerland

Question 31

why are the Christian democratic countries the least homogenous?

Answer 31

due to need to form coalitions, however their common characteristic is that they were the dominant group during the coalition or that they governed for the longest length of time

Question 32

who do the Christian democratic countries rely on for welfare provision?

Answer 32

rely primarily on the family for the provision of social services to the elderly, the disabled, and children

Question 33

what was the infant mortality rate in social democratic countries in 1960?

Answer 33

23.1

Question 34

what was the infant mortality rate in Christian democratic countries in 1960?

Answer 34

29.2

Question 35

what was the infant mortality rate in the liberal countries in 1960?

Answer 35

26.3

Question 36

what was the infant mortality rate in the ex-fascist countries in 1960?

Answer 36

53.8

Question 37

what was the infant mortality rate in social democratic countries in 1996?

Answer 37

4.5

Question 38

what was the infant mortality rate in Christian democratic countries in 1996?

Answer 38

5.3

Question 39

what was the infant mortality rate in liberal countries in 1996?

Answer 39

6.4

Question 40

what was the infant mortality rate in ex-fascist countries in 1996?

Answer 40

6.4

Question 41

what percentage of elders lived with their children in 1999 in Sweden (SD)?

Answer 41

11

Question 42

what percentage of elders lived with their children in 1999 in Italy (CD)?

Answer 42

39

Question 43

what percentage of elders lived with their children in 1999 in the UK (Lib)?

Answer 43

16

Question 44

what countries are considered ex-fascist?

Answer 44

Spain, Greece, Portugal

Question 45

what defines a fascist regime? (3)

Answer 45

(1) the highly repressive nature of the states, a repression directed primarily at the working class; (2) the most regressive fiscal policies in existence in Europe at that time; and (3) the underdeveloped welfare states

Question 46

in Spain in 1960, what percentage of expenditure on the armed police force was spent on health and education?

Answer 46

60%

Question 47

who did the fascist countries rely on for welfare? why?

Answer 47

heavily influenced by Catholic teachings that relied on women for the care of family members.

Question 48

what defines liberal countries?

Answer 48

Labour is weak, capitalist class is strong
Benefits are provided based on proven financial need(means-tested programs) 
Welfare functions are assigned to the private sector, with the state covering only the minimum

Question 49

why has Britain been considered a liberal country?

Answer 49

as it has a relatively low welfare expenditure and the welfare state isn’t comprehensive, with the exception of the NHS

Question 50

why are benefits provided in a social democratic country?

Answer 50

citizenship alone

Question 51

why are benefits provided in a Christian democratic country?

Answer 51

workers’ rights

Question 52

why are political variables important for influencing health incomes?

Answer 52

these political forces represent the interests of classes and other social forces with different interests in redistributive policies

Question 53

which group has been the most committed to redistributive policies, leading to better health outcomes?

Answer 53

social democratic

Question 54

what was the household income inequality rate from 1990-91 in the social democratic countries?

Answer 54

2.79

Question 55

what was the household income inequality rate from 1990-91 in the Christian democratic countries?

Answer 55

3.14

Question 56

what was the household income inequality rate from 1990-91 in the liberal countries?

Answer 56

4.63

Question 57

what was the household income inequality rate from 1990-91 in the ex-fascist countries?

Answer 57

4.4