2012 Work - Roberts reading

Question 1

when was the study published?

Answer 1

2012

Question 2

what are the bohemians now linked to?

Answer 2

‘the new economy’ within innovative high-tech industries

Question 3

what are the bohemians considered to be now?

Answer 3

considered the creative, cultural or aesthetic economy

Question 4

what did the bohemians use to be?

Answer 4

marginal

Question 5

what did Florida find in relation to geography?

Answer 5

the geography of contemporary bohemia in the USA is highly concentrated in certain favoured cities, which demonstrates a strong correlation between the presence of bohemians and innovative high-technology industries

Question 6

where was the birthplace of the boheme?

Answer 6

Paris

Question 7

how do the boheme and the bourgeois relate?

Answer 7

the bourgeoisie and bohemia implied, required, and attracted each other

Question 8

how did the boheme see the relationship with the bourgeois? what did this lead to?

Answer 8

Instead of recognising the structural nature of the complementary dibision of labour, bohemians tended to see this relationship as an irreconcilable opposition, and so saw their own marginal existence in alienated form, and so formulated the artistic critique of capitalism

Question 9

why were the bourgeoise dependent on the bohemians?

Answer 9

culturally dependent

Question 10

how can the boheme’s attraction to dreams of a total revolution be explained?

Answer 10

Contradiction between independence and dependence

Question 11

why can the bourgeois be seen as experiencing self hatred?

Answer 11

they were a class without status, lacking the will for political power and capitalist spirit, despite being defined completely economically

Question 12

what two components did Boltanski and Chiapello identify as critiques of capitalism?

Answer 12

social and artistic

Question 13

what is the social critique?

Answer 13

Social critique is carried by the worker’s movements, emphasized ‘inequalities, poverty, exploitation and the egoism of a world that encourages individualism as opposed to solidarity

Question 14

what is the artistic critique?

Answer 14

by the bohemian subculture, emphasised ‘oppression in the capitalist world (the domination of the market, the discipline of the factory), the uniformity of mass society and the commodification of everything’ and valorized ‘an ideal of liberation and individual autonomy, of uniqueness and authenticity

Question 15

what was the mantra of the 1968 riots in France?

Answer 15

participation, reflecting the push for self-management, individual autonomy and creativity in the work situation

Question 16

how does this mantra differ from the typical social critique of capitalism?

Answer 16

not traditional social demands, led by the communist unions, for pay rises and reductions in inequality.

Question 17

what is the third spirit of capitalism manifested in?

Answer 17

activity

Question 18

what 3 social paradoxes does the new spirit of capitalism entail?

Answer 18

1. Artistic critique becomes the new defining critique of capitalist society.
2. Florida’s bohemian city exemplifies the mainstreaming of bohemian marginality, into the new creative class
3. Artistic critique is transformed into the affirmative creativity of the new economy

Question 19

how did the bohemians enable the new spirit of capitalism to flourish?

Answer 19

‘By helping to overthrow the conventions bound up with the domestic world, and also to overcome the inflexibilities of the industrial order – bureaucratic hierarchies and standardized production – the artistic critique opened up an opportunity for capitalism to base itself on new forms of control and commercialization, new, more individualized and ‘‘authentic’’ goals’

Question 20

how can Warhol be used as an example?

Answer 20

painted commodities, ended up in museums