The changing economic world Flashcards
What is development?
The progress in economic growth, technology use, and improving welfare in a country.
What does GNI stand for, and what does it mean?
Gross National Income: Total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year.
What is the death rate?
The number of deaths per thousand of the population per year.
What is infant mortality rate?
The number of babies who die before the age of 1.
What is life expectancy?
The average age a person is expected to live
Why can GNI per capita be misleading?
It is an average and does not show variations within a country.
Why can social indicators be misleading?
Some aspects of development improve before others, making a country seem more developed than it actually is.
What is HDI, and what does it include?
Human Development Index: Includes literacy rate, life expectancy, and GNI per capita, measured on a scale of 0 to 1.
What is the DTM?
The Demographic Transition Model, showing how birth rates and death rates affect population growth.
What happens in Stage 1 of the DTM?
Least developed:
High birth rate.
High infant mortality rate.
Poor healthcare.
What happens in Stage 2 of the DTM?
Not very developed:
Economy based on agriculture.
Better healthcare lowers death rates.
What happens in Stage 3 of the DTM?
NEE (Newly Emerging Economy):
Birth rate falls rapidly.
Economy shifts from farming to manufacturing.
Healthcare improves further.
What happens in Stages 4 and 5 of the DTM?
Most developed (HIC - High Income Countries):
Good healthcare.
Low birth rates.
What are some physical factors that affect how developed a country is?
Poor climate: Cannot grow crops.
Poor farming land: Bad soil, so crops can’t grow.
Few raw materials: Money spent on imports, less for development.
Natural disasters: Expensive recovery costs hinder development.
What are some economic factors that affect a country’s development?
Poor trade links: Limited income for development.
Lots of debt: Money spent relieving debt instead of on development.
Primary-based economy: Primary products make less profit.
What are some historical causes of uneven development?
Colonisation: Colonised countries tend to have lower development levels.
Conflict: Money spent on wars rather than development.
What is a consequence of uneven development (wealth-wise)?
Impacts people’s standard of living; less money for services that improve comfort.
What is a consequence of uneven development (health-wise)?
LICs and NEEs lack adequate healthcare, leading to low life expectancy and high infant mortality.
What is a consequence of uneven development (migration-wise)?
People move from LICs and NEEs to more developed countries, increasing the development gap.
What are 7 ways to reduce the development gap?
Investment
Aid
Fair trade
Using intermediate technology
Microfinance loans
Industrial development
Debt relief
How does investment reduce the development gap?
FDI (Foreign Direct Investment): Companies invest in infrastructure, improving access to finance, technology, and services.
How does aid reduce the development gap?
Money or resources are provided by charities or governments to fund development.
Problem: Sometimes misused by corrupt governments.
How does fair trade reduce the development gap?
Farmers in LICs are paid a fair price for their goods, helping them earn more.
How does intermediate technology reduce the development gap?
Tools and systems that improve quality of life are simple, cheap to buy, and easy to maintain.
How does microfinance reduce the development gap?
Small loans are given to people in LICs to start businesses.
Problem: Can lead to debt if not managed properly.
How does industrial development reduce the development gap?
Improves productivity, skills, and infrastructure, boosting GNI and development.
How does debt relief reduce the development gap?
Cancelling or reducing debt allows countries to spend more on development instead of debt payments.
What percentage of Tunisia’s working population is employed in tourism?
13%.
How has tourism impacted life expectancy in Tunisia?
Increased from under 40 in 1950 to over 70 today.
How has tourism affected education in Tunisia?
Literacy rates increased from 66% in 1995 to 79%.
Why doesn’t all the money from tourism benefit Tunisia?
Most income goes to large travel companies in HICs.(leakage)
What is a downside of all-inclusive resorts in Tunisia?
Tourists spend little money in the local economy.
What kind of jobs does tourism often create in Tunisia?
Low-skilled and low-paid jobs.
Why is dependency on tourism risky for Tunisia?
Events like terrorist attacks (2015) caused a 90% decline in tourism.
Global issues, like the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, disrupted travel.
Did Tunisia develop solely due to tourism?
No, they also invested in education and women’s empowerment.
What other areas of development have improved in Tunisia due to tourism?
More families can afford food, healthcare, and education.
Why did Tunisia’s tourism drop after 2015?
Terrorist attacks made it unsafe for tourists.
Where is Nigeria located?
West Africa.
What is Nigeria’s population?
195 million.
Why is Nigeria important regionally and globally?
It has the largest population and is the richest country in Africa.
What is Nigeria’s fertility rate?
More than 5 babies per mother.
What stage of the DTM is Nigeria in?
Stage 2-3.
How many ethnic groups does Nigeria have?
500.
What are the main religions in Nigeria?
North is mainly Muslim, South is mainly Christian
. What is the climate in the south of Nigeria?
Humid with tropical rainforest.
What is the climate in the north of Nigeria?
Hot and dry savannah.
When did Nigeria gain independence?
1960.
What is Nigeria transitioning to economically?
From agriculture to industry.
What percentage of GDP does oil contribute to? in nigeria
Over 10%.
What benefits did the textile industry bring in the 1980s?
Secure income, increased taxes, fewer imports, and more valuable goods.
What are Nigeria’s fastest-growing industries now?
Music and film (Nollywood).
. How do TNCs like Shell contribute to Nigeria?
They provide money and expertise to drill and export oil.
Why did Nigeria make deals with TNCs?
Lack of expertise to export oil themselves.
What problem does corruption cause with aid?
Aid may not reach those in need.
What does the NGO ‘Nets for Life’ do?
Provides education on malaria and distributes anti-mosquito nets.
What is the current average life expectancy in Nigeria?
55 years (up from 46 in 1990).
What percentage of forests in Nigeria has been destroyed?
80%.
What has increased access to safe water done?
improved quality of life.
How does Shell contribute to infrastructure?
Invests in community projects like schools.
How do TNCs benefit local people?
Provide jobs and bring new skills.
How much did Shell pay in taxes to Nigeria between 2006 and 2010?
$30 billion.
What is economic leakage?
Profits taken abroad instead of staying in the local economy.
Why are TNCs being footloose a problem?
They can leave, causing job losses.
What environmental damage has Shell caused?
Oil spills damage farmland and fishing areas.
Which country does Nigeria now trade most with?
China.
What is deindustrialisation?
The decline of traditional industries, like manufacturing, in the UK.
What is globalisation?
The process of countries becoming more connected through trade, communication, and transport.
How has globalisation affected the UK economy?
Increased trade, foreign investment, and growth in the tertiary and quaternary sectors.
What is the quaternary sector?
High-tech industries focused on research, development, and IT.
Give one example of a UK science park.
Cambridge Science Park.
How do science parks contribute to the UK economy?
By creating jobs and encouraging innovation.
What is the North-South divide?
Economic differences between the wealthier South and poorer North of the UK.
What is the purpose of HS2?
To improve transport links and reduce regional inequalities.
How has the UK’s energy mix changed?
Increased use of renewables and decreased reliance on coal.
What is a post-industrial economy?
An economy dominated by tertiary and quaternary industries.
Name one impact of UK industry on the environment.
Air and water pollution.
How can industrial development be made more sustainable?
Using renewable energy and reducing waste.
What is a science park?
A site that supports research and development in high-tech industries, often linked to universities.
Why are science parks often near universities?
To benefit from research facilities, skilled graduates, and collaboration opportunities.
What is a business park?
An area of land with office and business spaces, often located on the outskirts of cities.
Why are business parks often located near motorways?
To provide easy transport links for employees and goods.
How do science parks support sustainable development?
They often use renewable energy and promote energy-efficient buildings.
What is the link between science parks and the quaternary sector?
Science parks focus on knowledge-based industries, a key part of the quaternary sector.
What are the environmental benefits of modern science parks?
Use of green spaces, eco-friendly buildings, and renewable energy sources.
Name one reason for deindustrialisation in the UK.
Increased automation and mechanisation reduced the need for manual labor.
How did foreign competition contribute to deindustrialisation?
Cheaper goods produced abroad reduced demand for UK-made products.
What impact did deindustrialisation have on cities in the UK?
Job losses and economic decline in former industrial regions like the North.
Name one challenge globalisation has created for the UK.
Jobs in manufacturing have been outsourced to countries with cheaper labor.
How does the UK government encourage innovation?
By funding science parks and research initiatives.
How have transport policies supported economic change in the UK?
Investments in projects like HS2 aim to improve connections and reduce regional inequalities.
what are the 3 main reasons uk economy has changed?
de-industrialisation, globalisation and government policies
What is the main economic difference between the North and South?
The South has higher average incomes, more jobs in finance and services, and lower unemployment.
Why is London important in the North-South divide?
It acts as an economic hub with higher wages, investment, and global connections.
How did deindustrialisation contribute to the North-South divide?
The decline of traditional industries in the North left many areas struggling economically.
How does infrastructure impact the divide?
Better transport and investment in the South have made it more attractive for businesses.
How does education play a role in the North-South divide?
The South often has better-performing schools and higher university attendance rates.
Name a government policy aimed at reducing regional inequalities.
The Northern Powerhouse strategy.
What is the purpose of the Northern Powerhouse initiative?
To boost economic growth in the North through investment in transport, skills, and innovation.
How does HS2 aim to reduce the North-South divide?
By improving rail links between the North and South, making travel and business easier.
What are enterprise zones, and how do they help?
.
Special areas offering tax breaks and incentives to attract businesses and create jobs.
How has investment in transport infrastructure helped the North?
Projects like expanding Manchester Airport have boosted trade and tourism.
what are the 3 main ways the government is trying to reduce the north and south divide?
devolving more powers, enterprise zones and northern powerhouse
how has de-industrialisation changed UK’s economy?
Other countries are able to produce goods cheaper than UK, so increased competition has forced UK to close some manufacturing industries
how has globalisation changed UK’s economy?
manufacturing moved overseas as its cheaper,, some TNC’s have moved their tertiary and quaternary operations in the uk
how has government policies changed UK’s economy?
government decisions on investment and support for businesses affect the economy,
how has Hanson cement in Ketton become more environmentally sustainable?
-Hanson cement burns recycled waste like cardboard to make power so coal does not have to be used
-Blasting is now only allowed to take place between 11am and 2pm, and is not allowed to take place at weekends or bank holidays
-Blasting is now only allowed to take place between 11am and 2pm, and is not allowed to take place at weekends or bank holidays
what are the drawbacks of Hanson Cement?
The cement works and lorries cause air pollution
· Dust is created from the blasting in the quarry
· There is noise and visual pollution from the blasting and lorries which may disrupt wildlife
tell me 2 facts about Hanson cement
It is located in the east Midlands, just off the A1.
It has been operational since 1923 but has recently made efforts to become more environmentally sustainable.ch
What is a push factor?
A reason that forces people to leave an area (e.g., poverty, war, lack of jobs).
What is a pull factor?
A reason that attracts people to a new area (e.g., job opportunities, better healthcare).
What is London’s importance to the UK economy?
It generates 22% of the UK’s GDP and is a hub for trade, finance, media, government, and culture.
What is the significance of London’s location?
Located on the River Thames, which historically supported trade and connects to the English Channel.
Why is London considered a ‘World City’?
It is one of the most important financial centres globally, with the 6th largest city economy.
How many major airports does London have?
Several major airports, including Heathrow, which serves over 80 million people and connects to over 80 countries
How has migration impacted the growth of London?
London’s population has increased due to national and international migration, as well as natural increase.
What makes London the most ethnically diverse city in the UK?
A mix of international migrants, each bringing their own cultures, traditions, and foods.
How has London’s economy changed over time?
It shifted from a manufacturing-based economy to a global financial centre, focusing on financial services, and tertiary and quaternary industries.
How has urban change created employment opportunities in London?
There are now 5 million jobs in London, ranging from high-paid jobs in finance to low-paid service jobs.
How has regeneration created opportunities in London?
old industrial buildings have been transformed into offices, homes, and entertainment spaces. New transport links, like the Elizabeth Line, improve access.
What environmental opportunities has urban change created?
London is the greenest major city in Europe, with ongoing investments in green infrastructure, such as rooftop gardens and green walls.
How has urban change contributed to inequality in London?
London is highly unequal, with the richest 10% owning 60% of wealth. Life expectancy varies significantly between wealthy and poor areas.
How has migration contributed to challenges in London?
Rising birth rates and pressures on schools, especially in areas with high migrant populations.
What are some environmental challenges in London?
Air pollution from diesel engines and high waste production, with 25% of waste still going to landfill.
What housing challenges does London face?
There is not enough affordable housing, with many people unable to find homes. Developers are building on brownfield and greenfield sites, increasing urban sprawl.
How has urban sprawl affected areas like Hemel Hempstead?
As London becomes unaffordable, people move to commuter towns, increasing house prices and contributing to urban sprawl.
Why did Newham need regeneration?
Newham was once an industrial hub, but deindustrialisation in the 1980s led to unemployment, urban decay, and derelict buildings.
What impact did the closure of the Royal Docks have on Newham?
The closure led to mass unemployment and the decline of the manufacturing industry, contributing to urban decay.
What environmental issues did the area face before regeneration?
The land was contaminated due to industrial chemicals, and the River Lea was polluted.
What key features were included in the regeneration of Stratford?
Decontaminated land, cleaned River Lea, new houses, schools, nurseries, and community facilities.
How did the regeneration improve transport in Stratford?
Stratford International station and local underground stations were improved.
What sporting facilities were created in Stratford’s regeneration?
State-of-the-art facilities, including the Aquatics Centre, to promote sports and healthy lifestyles.
How did the regeneration change the image of East London?
It significantly improved the area’s image, transforming it from a deprived region to a more modern and appealing location.
What happened to the Athletes’ Village after the Olympics?
The Athletes’ Village was rebranded as East Village, providing new homes.
How did the regeneration of Stratford benefit tourism?
The Queen Elizabeth Park and Olympic site became tourist attractions, with lasting tourism benefits after the Olympics.
