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The changing economic world Flashcards

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1
Q

What is development?

A

The progress in economic growth, technology use, and improving welfare in a country.

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2
Q

What does GNI stand for, and what does it mean?

A

Gross National Income: Total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year.

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3
Q

What is the death rate?

A

The number of deaths per thousand of the population per year.

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4
Q

What is infant mortality rate?

A

The number of babies who die before the age of 1.

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5
Q

What is life expectancy?

A

The average age a person is expected to live

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6
Q

Why can GNI per capita be misleading?

A

It is an average and does not show variations within a country.

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7
Q

Why can social indicators be misleading?

A

Some aspects of development improve before others, making a country seem more developed than it actually is.

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8
Q

What is HDI, and what does it include?

A

Human Development Index: Includes literacy rate, life expectancy, and GNI per capita, measured on a scale of 0 to 1.

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9
Q

What is the DTM?

A

The Demographic Transition Model, showing how birth rates and death rates affect population growth.

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10
Q

What happens in Stage 1 of the DTM?

A

Least developed:
High birth rate.
High infant mortality rate.
Poor healthcare.

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11
Q

What happens in Stage 2 of the DTM?

A

Not very developed:
Economy based on agriculture.
Better healthcare lowers death rates.

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12
Q

What happens in Stage 3 of the DTM?

A

NEE (Newly Emerging Economy):
Birth rate falls rapidly.
Economy shifts from farming to manufacturing.
Healthcare improves further.

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13
Q

What happens in Stages 4 and 5 of the DTM?

A

Most developed (HIC - High Income Countries):
Good healthcare.
Low birth rates.

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14
Q

What are some physical factors that affect how developed a country is?

A

Poor climate: Cannot grow crops.
Poor farming land: Bad soil, so crops can’t grow.
Few raw materials: Money spent on imports, less for development.
Natural disasters: Expensive recovery costs hinder development.

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15
Q

What are some economic factors that affect a country’s development?

A

Poor trade links: Limited income for development.
Lots of debt: Money spent relieving debt instead of on development.
Primary-based economy: Primary products make less profit.

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16
Q

What are some historical causes of uneven development?

A

Colonisation: Colonised countries tend to have lower development levels.
Conflict: Money spent on wars rather than development.

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17
Q

What is a consequence of uneven development (wealth-wise)?

A

Impacts people’s standard of living; less money for services that improve comfort.

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18
Q

What is a consequence of uneven development (health-wise)?

A

LICs and NEEs lack adequate healthcare, leading to low life expectancy and high infant mortality.

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19
Q

What is a consequence of uneven development (migration-wise)?

A

People move from LICs and NEEs to more developed countries, increasing the development gap.

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20
Q

What are 7 ways to reduce the development gap?

A

Investment
Aid
Fair trade
Using intermediate technology
Microfinance loans
Industrial development
Debt relief

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21
Q

How does investment reduce the development gap?

A

FDI (Foreign Direct Investment): Companies invest in infrastructure, improving access to finance, technology, and services.

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22
Q

How does aid reduce the development gap?

A

Money or resources are provided by charities or governments to fund development.
Problem: Sometimes misused by corrupt governments.

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23
Q

How does fair trade reduce the development gap?

A

Farmers in LICs are paid a fair price for their goods, helping them earn more.

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24
Q

How does intermediate technology reduce the development gap?

A

Tools and systems that improve quality of life are simple, cheap to buy, and easy to maintain.

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25
Q

How does microfinance reduce the development gap?

A

Small loans are given to people in LICs to start businesses.
Problem: Can lead to debt if not managed properly.

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26
Q

How does industrial development reduce the development gap?

A

Improves productivity, skills, and infrastructure, boosting GNI and development.

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27
Q

How does debt relief reduce the development gap?

A

Cancelling or reducing debt allows countries to spend more on development instead of debt payments.

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28
Q

What percentage of Tunisia’s working population is employed in tourism?

A

13%.

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29
Q

How has tourism impacted life expectancy in Tunisia?

A

Increased from under 40 in 1950 to over 70 today.

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30
Q

How has tourism affected education in Tunisia?

A

Literacy rates increased from 66% in 1995 to 79%.

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30
Q

Why doesn’t all the money from tourism benefit Tunisia?

A

Most income goes to large travel companies in HICs.

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31
Q

What is a downside of all-inclusive resorts in Tunisia?

A

Tourists spend little money in the local economy.

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32
Q

What kind of jobs does tourism often create in Tunisia?

A

Low-skilled and low-paid jobs.

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33
Q

Why is dependency on tourism risky for Tunisia?

A

Events like terrorist attacks (2015) caused a 90% decline in tourism.
Global issues, like the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, disrupted travel.

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33
Q

Did Tunisia develop solely due to tourism?

A

No, they also invested in education and women’s empowerment.

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34
Q

What other areas of development have improved in Tunisia due to tourism?

A

More families can afford food, healthcare, and education.

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35
Q

Why did Tunisia’s tourism drop after 2015?

A

Terrorist attacks made it unsafe for tourists.

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36
Q

Where is Nigeria located?

A

West Africa.

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37
Q

What is Nigeria’s population?

A

195 million.

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38
Q

Why is Nigeria important regionally and globally?

A

It has the largest population and is the richest country in Africa.

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39
Q

What is Nigeria’s fertility rate?

A

More than 5 babies per mother.

40
Q

What stage of the DTM is Nigeria in?

A

Stage 2-3.

41
Q

How many ethnic groups does Nigeria have?

A

500.

42
Q

What are the main religions in Nigeria?

A

North is mainly Muslim, South is mainly Christian

43
Q

. What is the climate in the south of Nigeria?

A

Humid with tropical rainforest.

43
Q

What is the climate in the north of Nigeria?

A

Hot and dry savannah.

44
Q

When did Nigeria gain independence?

A

1960.

44
Q

What is Nigeria transitioning to economically?

A

From agriculture to industry.

45
Q

What percentage of GDP does oil contribute to?

A

Over 10%.

45
Q

What benefits did the textile industry bring in the 1980s?

A

Secure income, increased taxes, fewer imports, and more valuable goods.

46
Q

What are Nigeria’s fastest-growing industries now?

A

Music and film (Nollywood).

47
Q

. How do TNCs like Shell contribute to Nigeria?

A

They provide money and expertise to drill and export oil.

47
Q

Why did Nigeria make deals with TNCs?

A

Lack of expertise to export oil themselves.

48
Q

What problem does corruption cause with aid?

A

Aid may not reach those in need.

48
Q

What does the NGO ‘Nets for Life’ do?

A

Provides education on malaria and distributes anti-mosquito nets.

49
Q

What is the current average life expectancy in Nigeria?

A

55 years (up from 46 in 1990).

49
Q

What percentage of forests in Nigeria has been destroyed?

A

80%.

50
Q

What has increased access to safe water done?

A

improved quality of life.

51
Q

How does Shell contribute to infrastructure?

A

Invests in community projects like schools.

51
Q

How do TNCs benefit local people?

A

Provide jobs and bring new skills.

52
Q

How much did Shell pay in taxes to Nigeria between 2006 and 2010?

A

$30 billion.

53
Q

What is economic leakage?

A

Profits taken abroad instead of staying in the local economy.

53
Q

Why are TNCs being footloose a problem?

A

They can leave, causing job losses.

54
Q

What environmental damage has Shell caused?

A

Oil spills damage farmland and fishing areas.

54
Q

Which country does Nigeria now trade most with?

A

China.

55
Q

What is deindustrialisation?

A

The decline of traditional industries, like manufacturing, in the UK.

55
Q

What is globalisation?

A

The process of countries becoming more connected through trade, communication, and transport.

56
Q

How has globalisation affected the UK economy?

A

Increased trade, foreign investment, and growth in the tertiary and quaternary sectors.

57
Q

What is the quaternary sector?

A

High-tech industries focused on research, development, and IT.

58
Q

Give one example of a UK science park.

A

Cambridge Science Park.

58
Q

How do science parks contribute to the UK economy?

A

By creating jobs and encouraging innovation.

59
Q

What is the North-South divide?

A

Economic differences between the wealthier South and poorer North of the UK.

59
Q

What is the purpose of HS2?

A

To improve transport links and reduce regional inequalities.

60
Q

How has the UK’s energy mix changed?

A

Increased use of renewables and decreased reliance on coal.

60
Q

What is a post-industrial economy?

A

An economy dominated by tertiary and quaternary industries.

61
Q

Name one impact of UK industry on the environment.

A

Air and water pollution.

61
Q

How can industrial development be made more sustainable?

A

Using renewable energy and reducing waste.

62
Q

What is a science park?

A

A site that supports research and development in high-tech industries, often linked to universities.

63
Q

Why are science parks often near universities?

A

To benefit from research facilities, skilled graduates, and collaboration opportunities.

63
Q

What is a business park?

A

An area of land with office and business spaces, often located on the outskirts of cities.

64
Q

Why are business parks often located near motorways?

A

To provide easy transport links for employees and goods.

65
Q

How do science parks support sustainable development?

A

They often use renewable energy and promote energy-efficient buildings.

65
Q

What is the link between science parks and the quaternary sector?

A

Science parks focus on knowledge-based industries, a key part of the quaternary sector.

66
Q

What are the environmental benefits of modern science parks?

A

Use of green spaces, eco-friendly buildings, and renewable energy sources.

67
Q

Name one reason for deindustrialisation in the UK.

A

Increased automation and mechanisation reduced the need for manual labor.

67
Q

How did foreign competition contribute to deindustrialisation?

A

Cheaper goods produced abroad reduced demand for UK-made products.

68
Q

What impact did deindustrialisation have on cities in the UK?

A

Job losses and economic decline in former industrial regions like the North.

68
Q

Name one challenge globalisation has created for the UK.

A

Jobs in manufacturing have been outsourced to countries with cheaper labor.

69
Q

How does the UK government encourage innovation?

A

By funding science parks and research initiatives.

69
Q

How have transport policies supported economic change in the UK?

A

Investments in projects like HS2 aim to improve connections and reduce regional inequalities.

69
Q

what are the 3 main reasons uk economy has changed?

A

de-industrialisation, globalisation and government policies

70
Q

What is the main economic difference between the North and South?

A

The South has higher average incomes, more jobs in finance and services, and lower unemployment.

70
Q

Why is London important in the North-South divide?

A

It acts as an economic hub with higher wages, investment, and global connections.

71
Q

How did deindustrialisation contribute to the North-South divide?

A

The decline of traditional industries in the North left many areas struggling economically.

71
Q

How does infrastructure impact the divide?

A

Better transport and investment in the South have made it more attractive for businesses.

72
Q

How does education play a role in the North-South divide?

A

The South often has better-performing schools and higher university attendance rates.

72
Q

Name a government policy aimed at reducing regional inequalities.

A

The Northern Powerhouse strategy.

73
Q

What is the purpose of the Northern Powerhouse initiative?

A

To boost economic growth in the North through investment in transport, skills, and innovation.

73
Q

How does HS2 aim to reduce the North-South divide?

A

By improving rail links between the North and South, making travel and business easier.

74
Q

What are enterprise zones, and how do they help?
.

A

Special areas offering tax breaks and incentives to attract businesses and create jobs.

75
Q

How has investment in transport infrastructure helped the North?

A

Projects like expanding Manchester Airport have boosted trade and tourism.

75
Q

what are the 3 main ways the government is trying to reduce the north and south divide?

A

devolving more powers, enterprise zones and northern powerhouse

Geography (7 decks)

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