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Geography > The Changing Economic World > Flashcards

The Changing Economic World Flashcards

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1
Q

Define ‘development’

A

The progress in economic growth, use of technology and improving welfare a country has made

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2
Q

Define ‘development gap’

A

Difference in development between more and less developed countries

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3
Q

What is Gross National Income (GNI)?

A

The total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year, including income from overseas

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4
Q

What is birth rate?

A

Number of live births per thousand of the population per year

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5
Q

What is death rate?

A

Number of deaths per thousand of the population per year

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6
Q

What is literacy rate?

A

The percentage of adults who can read and write

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7
Q

What is the limitation of GNI per head as a measure of development?

A

It can be misleading when used on its own because it is an average - variations within the country don’t show up

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8
Q

What is the limitation of using social indicators as a measure of development?

A

Misleading when used on their own because, as a country develops, some aspects develop before others. So it might seem like a country is more developed than it actually is

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9
Q

What are HICs?

A

The wealthiest countries in the world, where the GNI per head is high

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10
Q

What are LICs?

A

The poorest countries in the world, where the GNI per head is very low

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11
Q

What are NEEs?

A

Countries which are rapidly getting richer as their economy moves from being based on primary industry to secondary industry

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12
Q

How is HDI calculated?

A

GNI per head, life expectancy and education level

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13
Q

What does a country’s HDI value tell you about the country?

A

Country’s level of economic development and the quality of life for the people living there

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14
Q

Why is the birth rate high in stage 1 of the DTM? [2]

A
  1. No use of contraception
  2. People have lots of children because infant mortality rates are high
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15
Q

Why is the death rate high in stage 1 of the DTM? [2]

A
  1. Poor healthcare
  2. Famine
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16
Q

Why is the birth rate still high in stage 2 of the DTM?

A

Economy is based on agriculture, so people have lots of children to work on farms

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17
Q

Why does the death rate fall in stage 2 of the DTM?

A

Better healthcare

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18
Q

Why does the birth rate fall in stage 3 of the DTM? [3]

A
  1. Use of contraception increases
  2. More women working instead of having children
  3. Economy changes from farming to manufacturing, so fewer children are needed to work on farms
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19
Q

Why does the death rate fall in stage 3 of the DTM?

A

Better healthcare

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20
Q

Why are birth rates low in stages 4 and 5 of the DTM? [3]

A
  1. Many women working
  2. Children not needed for working
  3. Low infant mortality rates
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21
Q

Why are death rates low in stages 4 and 5 of the DTM?

A

Good healthcare

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22
Q

What are the 4 physical causes of uneven development?

A
  1. Poor climate
  2. Poor farming land
  3. Few raw materials
  4. Lots of natural disasters
23
Q

What are the 3 economic causes of uneven development?

A
  1. Poor trade links
  2. Lots of debt
  3. Economy based on primary products
24
Q

What are the 2 historical causes of uneven development?

A
  1. Colonisation
  2. Conflict
25
Q

What are the 3 consequences of uneven development?

A
  1. Disparities in wealth
  2. Disparities in health
  3. International migration
26
Q

How does investment help to reduce the development gap?

A

It leads to better access to finance, technology and expertise, as well as improved infrastructure and industry, and an increase in services

27
Q

How does aid help to reduce the development gap?

A

The money can be used for development projects e.g. constructing schools, building dams and wells

28
Q

What are the limitations of aid to reduce the development gap? [2]

A
  1. Can be wasted by corrupt governments
  2. Once the money runs out, projects can stop working
29
Q

How does Fair Trade help to reduce the development gap?

A

Farmers receive more money which they can use to help develop their local area

30
Q

What are the limitations of Fair Trade to reduce the development gap?

A

Only a tiny proportion of extra money goes to the producers, whilst the rest boosts the retailers’ profits

31
Q

How does intermediate technology help to reduce the development gap?

A

Machines and systems improve quality of life. For example, solar-powered LED lightbulbs can be used to light homes after hours in developing countries

32
Q

How do microfinance loans help to reduce the development gap?

A

Enables people to start their own businesses and become financially independant

33
Q

What are the limitations of microfinance loans to reduce the development gap?

A

It enourages people to go into debt

34
Q

How does industrial development help to reduce the development gap?

A

Boosts GNI and therefore development, as productivity, skills and infrastructure are improved

35
Q

How does debt relief help to reduce the development gap?

A

Increases the amount of money a country has to spend on development

36
Q

What is provided as part of short-term aid?

A

Money and supplies are given to help countries cope with emergencies

37
Q

What are the impacts of short-term aid?

A

Helps people to survive disasters, but doesn’t help long-term recovery

38
Q

What is provided as part of long-term aid?

A

Money is invested in longer-term projects to help countries become more developed

39
Q

What are the impacts of long-term aid?

A

Helps countries to improve infrastructure or education

40
Q

What is involved in top-down aid?

A

An organisation or the government decides how aid should be used

41
Q

What is the problem with top-down aid?

A

It may not help the poorest people or be supported by local people

42
Q

What is involved in bottom-up aid?

A

Money or supplies are given directly to local communities so they can decide how to use aid themselves

43
Q

What is a positive of bottom-up aid?

A

Provides help where it is needed most - poor communities

44
Q

What is the UK’s economy changing from and to?

A

From manufacturing to services

45
Q

What are the 3 main causes of economic change in the UK?

A
  1. De-industrialisation
  2. Globalisation
  3. Government policies
46
Q

Explain why de-industrialisation occured in the UK [2 reasons]

A
  1. UK’s industrial base declined as increased automation (use of machines) led to job losses in manufacturing industries
  2. As other countries industrialised, they could produce goods more cheaply than the UK - this forced some UK manufacturing industries to close
47
Q

Describe two changes in globalisation to the UK economy

A
  1. A lot of manufacturing has moved overseas, where labour costs are lower
  2. Some TNCs have moved their tertiary and quaternary operations to the UK
48
Q

Describe some changes to government policies in the UK which have affected the economy [2]
i) decline in manufacturing
ii) increase in tertiary + quaternary

A
  1. In the 1980s, several manufacturing industries that had been owned by the government were privatised - led to major job losses (but increased efficiency)
  2. Since the 1980s, the government has removed restrictions and taxes on businesses to encourage entrepreneurs to move to the UK. This has attracted tertiary and quaternary industries
49
Q

What are the 4 most important industries in the post-industrial UK economy?

A
  1. Services
  2. Information technology
  3. Finance
  4. Research
50
Q

What type of industry are science/business parks?

A

Quaternary

51
Q

Where are science/business parks often located? [2]

A
  1. Near to housing and good transport links
  2. Near universities (so they can work with university researchers)
52
Q

Why have the number of science/business parks increased? [2]

A
  1. Large and growing demand for high-tech products
  2. UK has a number of respected research universities for science parks to form links with
53
Q

What are some environmental impacts of industry? [3]

A
  1. Pollutants and greenhouse gases
  2. Energy and water usage
  3. Extracting raw materials destroys habitats
54
Q

Why are modern industrial developments more environmentally sustainable? [2]

A
  1. Stricter environmental regulations
  2. Better awareness

Geography (7 decks)

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