The Changing Economic World Flashcards
What is development
A positive change that makes things better.
As a country develops, it usually means that their quality of life and standard of living will Improve
What is a HIC
Higher income country
Wealthy nations - more than $11,456 (gni per person)
What is NEE
Newly emerging economy - experiencing higher rates of economic development and a rapid growth of industry
What is LIC
Lower income country
Poor nation - less that $975 (GNI per person)
Examples of HICs
England, USA, Canada, Iceland, japan
Examples of NEEs
China, Brazil, India, Nigeria
Examples of LICs
Chad, Mali, Tanzania, most of Africa
What is GNI
Gross national income, total amount of goods + services produced by a county- expressed per head (per capita) of the population
Problems with using just GNI
It is an average - wealth will not be evenly spread across a country
Wealthy might be unevenly distributed
GNI is an economic measure, doesn’t consider social factors such as health care and education
What are the three components of HDI (human development index)
- GNI per capita
- adult literacy rate
- life expectancy
What does holistic mean
Covers all areas
What is life expectancy
The average age a person can expect to live to
What is adult literacy rate
The % of adults who can read or write
What is HDI
The number calculated using life expectancy, education level + income per head
HDI values between 0(least developed) and 1 (most)
What is access to safe water
The % of people who can get clean drinking water
What is people per doctor
The average number of people for each doctor
What is infant mortality
The number of lives babies born per 1000 of the population per yeR
What is death rates
The number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year
What are the limitations of only using one measure of development
- data could be hard to collect or out of date
- data might be unreliable as the government may be corrupt
- one measure can give a false picture of a country (its an average)
(Doesn’t consider both social and economic factors)
What does life expectancy increase with GDP
If the GDP is higher the county has more Money to spend on health care and therefore life expectancy will be higher.
People are less likely to die from disease amd there will be less people per doctor so Life expectancy increases
What are the 3 category’s of causes of uneven development
Physical
Historical
Economic
Examples of physical factors that cause uneven development
Poor climate
Poor farming land
Few raw materials
Lots of natural hazards
Examples of historical reasons for causes of uneven development
Colonisation
Conflict
Examples of economic reasons of causes of uneven development
Poor trade links
Lots of debt
An economy based on primary products
How does a poor climate hinder development
Poor climate means that it’s difficult to grow crops so there are less jobs so people can’t make money or pay taxes so the gov. Gets less money and can’t spend money on helping the county develop
How does poor farming land hinder development
Crops can’t grow properly (infertile soil) so less jobs, Less money, less tax, less money for gov to spend on development
How does few raw materials hinder development
Have to import them so it costs extra money so gov has less ones to spend on development
How does lots of natural hazards hinder development
If there are lots of natural hazards it damages buildings, Crops ect,
So they have to spend money on rebuilding so less money can be put into development
How does colonisation hinder development
Colonisation means natural resources are taken away so the country has to spend ones on importing Materials so less money to spend on developing country
How does conflict hinder development
Country could be putting lots of money into recourses or people could invade and cause destruction which needs money to rebuilt so less ones for development
Eg, Russia, Ukraine
How does poor trade like hinder development
A country may have to pay more to import materials so they country has less money going into developing the country
How does lots of debt hinder development
It won’t be able to pour money into development as it is paying of debt so a country won’t have the money to develop
How does an economy based on primary products hinder development.
They will eventually run out of products and so people will pay less money to gov. So they will have less money to spend of development
When was stage one of the demographic transition model for the uk and what country’s are currently in it
Uk - pre 1760
Amazon basin tribes (lics)
When was stage two of the demographic transition model for the uk and what country’s are currently in it
Uk - 1760 to 1870
Ethiopia (LIC)
When was stage three of the demographic transition model for the uk and what country’s are currently in it
Uk - 1870 - 1950
India, Brazil (NEES)
When was stage four of the demographic transition model for the uk and what country’s are currently in it
Uk - post 1950
UK USA (HIC)
When was stage five of the demographic transition model for the uk and what country’s are currently in it
Uk - soon
Russia, Germany, Japan (HIC)
What is the birth and death rate like in stage one of the demography transition model
Is there a natural increase?
Birth rate - high
Death rate - high
No
What is the birth and death rate like in stage two of the demography transition model
Is there a natural increase?
Birth rate - high
Death rate - decreasing
Yes
What is the birth and death rate like in stage three of the demography transition model
Is there a natural increase?
Birth rates - decrease
Death rates - low
Yes
What is the birth and death rate like in stage four of the demography transition model
Is there a natural increase?
Birth rates - low
Death rates - low
No
What is the birth and death rate like in stage five of the demography transition model
Is there a natural increase?
Birth rates - decreasing
Death rates - slight increase
No ( decrease)
Why would birth rate be high in the demographic transition model between stage 1 and 2
Religious values - promote larger families
Children required for work
High infant mortality rate - high replacement rate
Lack of contraception
Why would death rate be high in the demographic transition model in stage one
Disease
Plague and famine because of poor medical knowlage
Why would death rate change in the demographic transition model between stage2 and 3
Decrease
Improvements in medical care (vaccines)
Better sanitation’s + sewers
Improved food supply and education
Why would birth rate be low in the demographic transition model in stage 3
Laws against child work
Lower infant mortality
Improvements in diet and medical care
Why would birth rate be low / decrease in the demographic transition model between stage 4 and 5
Emancipation, education for women
Women have babies later as they can have carreers
Later and fewer marriages
Materialistic ( money > children)
Lots of contraception
Why would death rate Be low in the demographic transition model in stage 4 and 5
Medical advances
Eg. Transplants, operations
Better food supply
Describe the population pyramid shape for stage one of the demographic transition model
Large base and thins as it goes up
Describe the population pyramid shape for stage two of the demographic transition model
Triangle with a large base
Describe the population pyramid shape for stage three of the demographic transition model
Young and working force age are higher / constant with a lower population of elderly
Describe the population pyramid shape for stage four of the demographic transition model
Large young, working force and a higher elderly population than 3
Describe the population pyramid shape for stage 5 of the demographic transition model
Lower young, higher working age and elderly
(Issue is when the young grow to be working age there will be large impacts as not enough )
What is the population structure of a country
How many people there are of each age group in the population, and how many there are of each sex
Consequences of uneven development
- more international migration (as people move globally from areas that have very little to wealthier, more developed areas)
- lack of social opportunities (children in poorer areas get stuck in poverty - with little to no chance of working their way out)
- counties with high inequality (often have lower growth in the wealth of the country)
- inequality can lead to political instability ( civil wars and riots are more likely when the rich are far richer than the poor)
- forces billions to live in poverty ( without access to safe water, education, inadequate food supplies and unsafe shelters)
- increases Rick of illness disease and death due to poor health care
Ways to manage disparities in development
Investment
Aid
Intermediate technology
Free trade
Fair trade
Debt relief
Micro finance loans
What is an investment ( to help countries develop) + an examples
When money and expertise are put in LICs. Large companies called TNC choose to invest. Investment can involve the development of infrastructure, the construction of dams, harbours or ports
Unilever (employs people in India)
What does TNC stand for
Trans national corporation
What is aid ( to help countries develop) + an examples
Aid is given by one country to another. It can be in the form of money or recourses. Aid is often given by NGOs. Aid can be either short or long therm
Goat aid, oxfam (set up to help families in African counties, eg Malawi. Money donated used to by family a goat - which can produce food)
What is an NGO
Non government organisation
What is intermediate technology (to help countries develop) + an examples
A sustainable technology that is appropriate to the needs, skills, knowledge and wealth of the local people. It Must be suitable for the local environment and not put people out of work.
Water aid, Mali (teacher local people about hygiene + how to build water pumps)
What is free trade ( to help countries develop) + an examples
When countries do not charge tariffs or quotas that restrict trade, trading groups are countries which have grouped together to increase the level of trade between them
EU - counties which have grouped together to increase level of trade between them
What is fair trade ( to help countries develop) + an examples
Sets standards for trade with poorer counties. It seeks to reduce the development gap by improving the QOL for ordinary farmers. Farmers get all the money from the sale of their crops at a fair price
Gumutindo coffee corporation - 90% of small coffee farmers in Uganda have joined gumutindo coffee corporation to gain economy or sales
What is debt relief ( to help countries develop) + an examples
One country can borrow money from another, or from an international organisation such as the world bank, I’m order to invest in development projects, this loan has to be repaid with interest
Eg. Tanzania - enables to provide education to all children - resulted in a 66% increase
What is a microfinance loans ( to help countries develop) + an examples
A small scale financial support directly available from banks set up especially to help the poor. S,all loans enable individuals or families to start up small businesses and helps them to become self - sufficient
Eg. The Grameen bank
Set up in 1926 - bank founded to help locals (especial women)
To use skills to develop small businesses
Borrowers have a share of ownership of bank so good rate of repayment
Loans often $100 with low interest
The bank has lent $11 bill to 7 million members
Bank lends US $200 to village of women to buy phone - villagers pay woman to use phone
A positive of investment ( to help countries develop)
TNCs provide employment Unilever employs 16,000 people in India - so tax revenue is inc. - more money for india to spend on infrastructure,
Unilever worked with charities to help hygiene - education + robbed sanitation to 115 mill people in India - inc. health
Negatives of investment ( to help countries develop)
Some profits made in India leaves India,
Eg, Unilever is a Dutch British company so some profits return to Netherlands /UK
TNCs - environmental prpblems.
TNC can move around countries + take advantage of local governments
Unilever have been accused of closing factories in Dharwad
Positives of aid ( to help countries develop)
Goat aid - oxfam — goats produce food, manure for fertilisers, milk, can be bread easily
Can help keep families alive in emergency, help a countries long term development aid. Eg. Money can be spent on schools — improved literacy rate
Can also improve dams to inc clean water wich decreases disease and inc life expectancy
Negatives of aid ( to help countries develop)
Countries can become dependent on aid - unable to develop themselves
Aid my be misused if gov is corrupt
Tied aid can mean country has to pay back the country or agree to buy there exports
Positives of intermediate technology ( to help countries develop)
Reduce development gap - involves local communities in projects that can make a difference to QOL.
Negative so intermediate technology ( to help countries develop)
May put people out of work
Positives of free trade (to help countries develop)
Encourages trade between member countries
Richer countries cannot shop around for cheaper prices
Members can command a greater share of the market
Members are able to get higher prices for goods
Negatives of free trade ( to help countries develop)
Difficult to set up
Positives of fair trade ( to help countries develop)
Farmers gets all money from sale of his crop
Guarantees farmers a fair price - part of price is invested in local community development projects
In return farmers must agree to farm environmentally
Products gain a stronger position in global market
Negatives of fair trade ( to help countries develop)
Product is more expensive so people might not want to buy it
Hard to set up
Positives of debt relief ( to help countries develop)
By cancelling debt - poor countries have more money to spend on development projects eg, industry, infrastructure or resources
Lead to improvements in QOL
Negatives of debt relief ( to help countries develop)
Corrupt govs. May keep Money rather than use it to help poor
Some countries may get into further debt at the might expect more
Positives of Microfinance loans ( to help countries develop)
Helps them become self sufficient
Employment opportunities
Employment rises
Negatives of micro finance loans ( to help countries develop)
People have to pay back loans
Hard to set up
Where is Kenya located
In the east of Africa on the equator, it neighbours the countries Ethiopia, South Sudan, Somalia. Kenya is costal and has the Indian clan to the east
The capital of Kenya is Nairobi
How does tourism reduce the development gap
A growth in the number of jobs in the tourism industry
- local people earn more money from working in the tourist industry
- local people can spend more money in local businesses
- taxes to the gov. From businesses and people goes up
- gov. Spends money improving infrastructure and attraction to bring in more toruisys
- more tourists arrive
- cycle starts again
Where is India located
In the northern hemisphere, in the continent of Asia.
It neighbours countries like Nepal, China and Pakistan and also had the Indian Ocean to the east, south and west, it is costal
Places of note in India
Ganges - longer river in India- 2525 km
Jaisalmer - driest place in India - annual rainfall below 10 mill meters
Mumbai - most populated city in India of 13,831,000
Mawsynram - wettest place on earth
Has third highest mountain in the world
Biggest mosque in India (Jana masjid)
Why is india an important place regionally and globaly
High population
High trade links
Driest and wettest climates
What are the 4 employment sectors
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
What is the primary sector + examples
Extracting raw materials
Eg. Forestry, fishing, farming, mining
What is the secondary sector + examples
Manufacturing materials
Eg. Steel works, dress maker, car manufacturers, buildings
What is the tertiary sector + examples
Providing a service
Eg. Accounting, distribution, customer service , legal services
What is the quaternary sector + examples
Probing a service using high technology + research into scientific areas
Eg, aeroscience engineer, research scientists
Economic change in India from 1991 to 2014 - GDP in US$
1991 - 1.2 trillion
2014 - 7.3 trillion
Economic change in India from 1991 to 2014 - GDP per capita in US$
1991 - 1150
2014 - 5800
Economic change in India from 1991 to 2014 - export values US$
1991 - 17.2 billion
2014- 342 billion
Economic change in India from 1991 to 2014 - import values US$
1991 - 24.7 billion
2014 - 508 billion
Economic change in India from 1991 to 2014 - unemployment %
1991 - 20
2014 - 8.6
Economic change in India from 1991 to 2014 - % living in poverty
1991 - 36
2014 - 30
Economic change in India from 1991 to 2014 - main exports
1991 - commodities - tea, coffee, iron ore, fish
2014 - petroleum products, gems and jewellery, machinery, steel, chemicals, vehicles, clothing
Economic change in India from 1991 to 2014 - main imports
1991 - petroleum products, textiles, clothing, machinery
2014 - crude oil, gems and jewellery, machinery, fertilised, iron ore
India’s economy growing so rapidly - strengths/opportunities
- lots of solar power - and renewable energy technology’s
- diverse / lots of culture
- richest biodiversity
- young population
- successful companies
Good universities
India’s economy growing so rapidly - weakness/threat
- lots of poverty
- worlds second largest population
- rising oil prices
- worst environmental problems (worlds 3rd greatest emitters of greenhouse gases)
What is a TNC
A company that has operators (factories, officers research and development, shops) in more than one country, many TNCs are large and have well known brands
Eg, apple , Microsoft, macdonalds
4000 in India
Advantages of TNCs
Companies provide employment and the development of new skills
More money is spent in economy
Investment by companies in local infrastructure and education
Valuable export revenues are earned
Other local companies benefit from increases orders
Disadvantages of TNCs
Local workers are sometimes poorly paid
Working conditions are sometimes very poor
Management jobs go to foreign employees brought in by the TNCs
Much of the profit generated goes abroad
Grants and subsides (spending money to attract TNCs) used to attract TNCs could have been used to invest in Indian industry
What is AID
Assisting people
What is emergency aid
Usually follows a natural disaster or war. It may be food, water, medicine or shelter
What is developmental aid
Long term support that aims to improve the QOL by Providing safe water, education and infrastructure
What is an NGO
Non-governmental organisation
Eg, charity like wateraid or oxfam
What is multilateral aid
A group of countries giving to a country
What is voluntary aid
Aid through volunteers
(Collected from the public)
What is short term aid
Aid for a short amount of time
What is bilateral aid
One country giving to another
What is food aid
Aid in the form of food products
What is tied aid
Aid with conditions
Negatives of aid
- corruption- government officials keep money for themselves
-money used for other things - eg, some given to armed forces - donors can influence where the money goes for their owned gain
- a country can become dependent on it - unable to develop without it
What is the eureka aid projects, India
Started in 2006 by aid India (NGO)
Programme to support literacy in schools - it has impacted the number of children who can read from 53% to 85% in one year, it costs $1 per child
Long term impact is better education so better job, better income, more tax for the gov, so more development
What is short term aid
Usually used in emergencies and only used for a short amount of time
What is long term aid
Helps for a longer amount of time and helps development
Eg. Until 2015 Indus received £200m from uk yearly
What is top down aid
When the organisation decided where it should be spent
Eg. Dams
What is bottom-up aid
Money given directly to local people such as water aid - this is more sustainable for the long term
What is globalisation
The interconnectedness between countries
Eg, better transports, better technology
What is a science park
A group of scientific and technical knowledge based businesses located on a single site
What is a business park
An area of land occupied by a cluster of businesses
Positive of a post industrial economy
- Economic growth - UK economy grows mainly due to more trade with the rest of the world
- cheaper goods and services - Many items are cheaper because they are produced in places where people earn lower wages than the UK
- migration - migrants come to the uk to full Jobs. We have a shortage of skilled workers
- foreign investment - foreign companies invest in the uk, bringing new ideas, technologies and jobs
- high value production - UK specialises in high value manufacturing and services. Workers are better paid and UK earns more money 
Negatives of a post industrial economy
- less manufacturing £ more imports of manufactured goods, means fewer goods are produced in the Uk. Factories close and jobs are lost
- outsourcing jobs - jobs that used to be done in the uk can now be done elsewhere, this means loss of jobs or lower wages for those still working in the UK
- inequality - the gap between the low pained unskilled workers and the high payed skilled work is increases. Hard for low skilled workers to negotiate due to jobs being outsourced
Reasons why science or business parks would set up in a particular area
- flat land (area to exo a d+ easier to build)
- accessibility (motorways, airports, railways)
- farming (landscaping)
- space of car parking
- close to universities (close employable large workforce )
- greenfield /edge of city - pleasant , peaceful, cheap land (nice working conditions so people want to work there )
-housing estates
Evidence that the Cambridge Science park is sustainable
- bus services
- recycling facilities
- recent 44% reduction in CO2 emissions
- buildings designed to maximise use of natural light so reducing electricity
- 132 cycling parking spaces + 9 shower on site to encourage cycling
- native trees and shrubs planted to enhance natural environment and habitats
- 50% of timber used in buildings is from sustainable sources
- site has a generative that uses biomass. Led to further 10% CO2 reductions
- car sharing
Evidence that Cambridge science park is unsustainable
- park was built on farmland, greenfield site - resulted in a loss of ecosystems and farmland
- sure only offers highly skilled jobs wich is not suitable for entire population of Cambridge
-3800 workers travelling to and from the park everyday led to traffic congestion
Why has deindustrialisation taken place
Because it’s cheaper to outsource (so factories shut down and import from abroad. Uk has limits on co2 emissions. + better education so people want / can get higher payed Jobs)
What is a post industrial economy
An economy based on tertiary and quaternary not primary and secondary dependent
(Decline in factories, increase in services)
Socio-economic benefits of India’s development
More jobs especially in the tertiary sector there has been an increase of.42 rupees per day since 2010 which means there is more money to spend on local businesses the business can pay more tax to the government so that they can spend more money on infrastructure.
Environmental consequences of India’s development
Burning crop percent increase congestion leads to CO2 emissions this will enhance the greenhouse effect which contributes to global warming this causes ice caps to Melt and then sea levels to rise which means people living on the coast will have to spend more money on flood defences which is preventing them from developing.
Impacts of air pollution in India
Respiratory illnesses
Low visibility caused more than 30 flight to be diverted on one day
Schools in Delhi have been orders to close for a few days
Construction been halted
WHO says 1/3 of deaths from smoke lung cancer and heart diseases is form air pollution
Causes of air pollution in india
Farmers in neighbouring states burning crop stubble to clear fields
Co2, nitrogen dioxide and sulphide dioxide all worse by fireworks set of for Diwali
Solutions to air pollution in India
Rules have now gone into effect allowing only cars with odd or even number plates to drive on given days
Avoid outdoor physical activities, especially in morning or late
People should wear anti-pollution masks and keep doors and windows closed
5 million masks handed out to schools
Why has the primary industry declined (in Uk)
- the primary industry has declined because we have better technology so we use machines instead of people
- we can import goods cheaply from abroad so we don’t need to source raw materials
Why did the secondary industry start low then increase in uk
We can outsource factor work abroad as it’s cheaper to employ people in LICS ( also reason its decreasing again now)
Increased because of industrialisation - more people were needed to work in factories
Why has the tertiary industry increase in the Uk
- low as we could import goods cheaply from abroad so we don’t need to source raw materials
- increased as more people live in towns and cities so more services are needed. This means more people have service jobs
- also can earn more money in these jobs
Why has the quaternary sector in UK increased
- we have a much higher level of education so we can work using complex technology
- people want to work here because they can gain a higher income
Where is torr quarry located
Located in Somerset on the mendip hills
Why is the torr quality important to the locals
100 people are employed there
Contributes more than £15 million towards local economy each year
Why is the torr quarry important nationally
- nationally important source of construction materials - rock chipping used in roads (previosly 8 million tonnes a year now 5 mill)
How is the torr quarry being made more sustainable
- quarry being restored to create wildlife lakes for recreation and water supply
- characteristics limestone features - creates a more natural landscape look
- 200 acres already landscaped to blend in (eg planting grass and trees)
- regular noise, vibration, airborne emissions and water quality checks
- rail transport minimises impact on local roads
- deepening mot extending has a lesser environmental impact
Negatives the torr landscape was having (used to)
- scar on landscape (house party dec., economic problems)
- pollute nearby water courses (illness / damaged environment)
- destroy natural habitats (lower biodiversity)
4 proofs of the north south divide
Wages are generally lower in the north than the south of UK
Health is generally worse in north
Education is generally worse In north
Transport infant is much worse in the north of UK
Proof wages are lower in north than south
2014 - average weekly wage was 40% lower in Huddersfield than London
Proof health is generally worse in the north
Life expectancy for male babies born in Glasgow in 2012 was 72.6 years. In east Dorset, it was 82.9 years. 10 years longer
Proof transport is worse in north uk
£276 was invested in transport per person in Yorkshire (2019)
£903 invested per person in London (2019)
What problems might north and south divide create
Conflict
Population decline in north and increased is south (so pressure on services)
Discrimination
Where and how big is the Yorkshire dales in a national park
North of England
683 sq miles
Upland area of the Pennines
How has population changed in Yorkshire dales
Yorkshire dales has been declining (particularly between 30-44) there was a 22% decrease in 10nyears
Elderly people increases by 30%
Why is the population declining in the Yorkshire dales
Less jobs available as it is a rural area so it can be difficult people to find employment
Agriculture is a big industry in the Yorkshire dales but it is in decline as we can import food from abroad
Less service available - people have to travel long distances to hospitals and secondary schools
Lots of shops have closed down as they’re not making enough money so there are less places for people to buy goods
Impacts of businesses closing down in Yorkshire dales
Lack of employment
Reduced local economy as people are not earning an income so they do not contribute to tax payments
Less money available to improve schools, hospitals and infrastructure
Impacts of many young people leaving the Yorkshire dales
Less demand for schools
Close in the further which means teachers in the dales loose their jobs
Impacts of lots of elderly people in the Yorkshire dales
Put a strain on services like healthcare and social care
Not enough people in the area working in social services to give the elderly all the care they need
Impacts of increasing population in south Cambridgeshire
80% of car ownership (as a larger population) leads to increase in traffic also there is pressure on services and lack of affordable housing - so not everyone can afford to live there -so increase in homelessness
What is traffic congestion
Slower journeys and longer queues
What are smart motorways
Using technology to actively manage the flow of traffic
Eg, M1 Leeds to London
What is HS2
High speed rail 2 - planned railway between London, Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds
What is London gateway
A new port at the mouth of the river Thames
What 3 ways are there to reduce north-south divide
1) devolving more power
2) creating enterprise zones
3) the northern powerhouse
How does devolving more powers reduce the north south divide.
Scotland, Wales and north island have their own devolved governments (can make their own decisions) and some powers are being devolved to local councils in England too
This allows them to use money on schemes. Eg. Better public transport or regeneration projects to turn disused buildings into modern office spaces to attract business to the area
How does creating enterprise zones reduce the north south divide
- 55 enterprise zones have been created across England, Scotland and Wales
These offer companies a range of benefits for locating in enterprise zones, including:
- reduced tax (business rates are reduced by up to 100%)
- simpler planning rules (certain developments are automatically allows in ezones)
- financial benefits ( in some ezones businesses who invest in buildings or equipment can
Reduce future tax bills )
- improved infrastructure (gov insures super fast broadband is available)
How does the northern powerhouse reduce north south divide + what is its issue
It’s a government plan to reduce the divide by attracting investment into north and improving transport links between north cities.
It has been ciritisized for being more of a consent than a plan
Examples of improvements made on roads in uk
2014 - gov announced a £15 billion road investment strategy
It’s aim was to increase capacity + improve conditions
- 100 new road scenes by 2020
- extra lanes added to main motorway to make them ‘smart motorways’ (can use hard shoulders)
Postives if the road investment strategy ( smart motorways) - UK
- relive congestion
- use to tech to monitor traffic levels to change the speed limit (eg, m62 Leeds)
- journey time reliability increased by 22z injury accidents reduced by half
Negatives of the road investment strategy (smart motorways) - UK
Expensive (£15 billion)
What improvements are being made to railways in UK
- improved links between regions of uk and rest of Europe
- cross rail is a new railway across London (32k. Of tunnels in London - costs £14.8 bill)
Positives if railway improvements in UK
Cross rail in London reduce journey times (by electrification)
Reduce congestion
Bring 1,5 million more people within a 45 min journey to control London
Negatives of railway improvements in the Uk
For improving links in uk and rest of uk
It is expensive (£50 billion for new high speed rail from London to Birmingham + Manchester to leeds)
Cuts through populated areas and the countryside (damaging wildlife)
Ports in the uk
Key ports: London, Dover, Grimsby (handles 2 mill containers a year)
Postives if increasing ports in the UK
Employs 100,000 people
Ports run by private companies invest heavily in infrastructure
Liver pool container port - will double Liverpool’s container capacity
Reduce freights in rosds
Creates1000s of jobs + boost north west economy
Improvement to airports in UK
Provides vital global links
Creates regional national Jobs
Planes = 3,6% of UKs GDP
Heathrow is set to expand
Positives if expanding Heathrow airport
Jobs
Negative of expanding Heathrow
Affects many stake holders
Costs billions
Negatives of Liverpool2 - container port
£ 300 million
What are the adventures if TNCs manufacturing plants to an area
Brung capital, modern technology + skills, improved infrastructure, creates jobs (inc. export - dependence on low value primary products reduced
- creates jobs, so more local income, locals spend more, government gets more tax, government invests in development (this is also the economic benefit to India)
(Eg. Coke employs 25,000 People directly in India)
What benefits to local people do TNCs have
In asia every coke job create another 10 in local communities coke employs 25,000 people directly in India and 150,000 indirectly,
Mobile training unit for retailers - provided skills
Coke spend $10 mill in india on community programs eg, drinking water and sustainable energy products - coke installed hand pumps in kaladeva in india to help locals get fresh water
They also bring technology - leads to developed infrastructure
What environmental problems do TNCs cause (india)
Air and water pollution increase as higher levels of pollution are acceptable in India. (As environmental laws are not as strict)
In Kerala, coke planes blamed of draining local water aquifers leaving subsistent farmers with no water source
it takes 3,8L of water to make 1L of coke, some coke plants in India + pay nothing for extracting water
When coke has been operating in Kerala water table decrease by 1 meter a year, women have to travel 5km to get safe water - this leads to wage losses
Coke accused of polluting local drinking water - contamination form coke plants in Kerala linked with low birth weights and birth defects
Social problems caused by TNCs in India
Coke was accused of employing temporary staff - so not having to follow labour laws
80% of workers for coke in india are temporary so not protected by labour laws
Some workers work 12 hour shifts for 50cents
Some forced to work without safet equipment
In 2006 x pesticide levels in coke products (in india) were 24x bigger than allowed in E.U
Councils losing all cultural identity and become alike the USA
Economic problems cause by TNCs in india
Coke Profits leak to American shareholders
Coke pays 3.5 billion in salaries world wide each year - but workers wages in India are low (key jobs go to outsiders)
Coke can push local brands out of business (blamed for decline in fruit juice vendor)
Kerala coke - accused of avoiding tax to local governments
TNCs often close
6 ways the uk is connected to the wider world
Transport
Culture
The eu
Trade
Electronic communication
The commonwealth
How the uk connected the to wider world by transport
-International airports connect the uk to cities all over the world
Eg. Hethrow is major ‘hub’ airport
- hugh freight ports around the country provide access for huge container ships for import + export
- rail links to the continent via Eurostar + euro tunnel. This connection proved access to major north. European cities such as Paris and then into the wider European rail network
How the uk connected the to wider world by culture
Culture included beliefs, values and habits of society. Culture is expressed through art, food, fashion, music, architecture, traditions
- poem (the British by Benjamin Zephaniah) suggests we have a large cultural mix, high diversity. Lots of people from all over the world , also suggest lots of immigration at differnt time periods
- British culture: royal family, fish and chips, crumpets
English is the language of many countries + used in business around the world
How the uk connected the to wider world by the EU
-Financial support: the European structural + investment funds provide support for disadvantaged regions + sectors in the U
- EU common agricultural Policy support farmers
- some suggest the UK will have to support poorer member countries by paying more money to eu
- 1973- uk became member of eu and left in 2020
- trade- eu is biggest since market in the world, goods, service, capital + labour move freely
- migration- eu citizens can move freely between eu countries - some think it’s lead to mass migration of workers to the uk
- laws- EU laws on crime, pollution + rights some see these as restrictive for individuals and companies
How the uk connected the to wider world by trade
Many British companies are TNCs with branches all over the world
The pattern of trade- most imports came from places like Germany, China, and USA, and exports to USA and Germany. We import for than export. Eg 60,000 from Germany but only 30,000 to Germany
China is a major sort of imports because there’s lots of manufacturing in China, unlike the UK, so we import in (outsourcing in China)
Most trade is with the EU( used to) as we were in the EU so trade is free
How the uk connected the to wider world by electronic communication
99% of all Internet traffic passes along a network of submarine higher power cables
The UK is a focus for these cables with connections Concentrated between UK and USA electronic communication is a vital part of global economy and fast. Reliable connections are essential
project. Arctic fibre will either first cables between London and Tokyo via the Northwest passage. The main cables will operate at speed of 100 GB
How the uk connected the to wider world by the common wealth
The Commonwealth is a voluntary group of countries that were once British colonies
It’s an all six inhabited continents, the population of two .3 billion.
Nearly a third world population is in the Commonwealth 56 countries e.g. India, 60% of population of 30 so large workforce
Exports over 3 trillion
Common wealth games
