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Geography - Human > Resorces > Flashcards

Resorces Flashcards

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1
Q

What can happen if people doesn’t have access to enough safe and nutrients food

A

People can become malnourished
Not have the right balance of nutrients
Eg, iron deficiency causes tiredness and can effect children’s development

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2
Q

What is undernourishment

A

Where people don’t get enough food of any kind

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3
Q

What does malnourishment lead to

A

Inc in likely hood of disease
1/3 of all under 5s globally die from diseases linked to malnourishment

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4
Q

What can not getting enough to eat lead to and what is the multiplier effect

A

Not preform as well at school
So lack skills needed to help a country’s economic development

Can also prevent people from working - harming personal economic well being + economy of country

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5
Q

What does improper sanitation cause

A

Waterborne disease eg cholera and typhoid kill many each year

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6
Q

What causes water sources to get polluted

A

Raw sewage If they have improper sanitation

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7
Q

If people do not have access to water what will they have to do and what is the multiplier effect of this

A

Walk long distances to fetch clean water can have an economic impact on people and on a countries economy
People able to spend less time working and children may not be able to go to school

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8
Q

What is water needed for

A

Food + clothes and many other products

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9
Q

What do countries need energy for

A

Industry and transport
As well as use in Homes

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10
Q

What can electricity allow industry to do and multiplier

A

To develop creating jobs and making countries wealthier

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11
Q

What would happen without electricty

A

People may burn wood or kerosene for cooking and to provide light and heat for homes.
Can lead to local deforestation so people have to walk further and further to find fules
Kerosene also can release harmful fumes and start fires

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12
Q

How can energy provide safe water for communities

A

Can supply power pumps for wells

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13
Q

How are resources distributed globally

A

Very uneven
Some don’t have own energy reserves, dry climated or environments not suitable for food production

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14
Q

If a country didn’t have many recourses how would they acces them / more

A

Have to import them or find technological solutions to produce more.
Eg. Build desalination plants to produce fresh water from saltwater = expensive

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15
Q

What does consumption of resources depend on

A

A countries wealth and availability

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16
Q

Is consumption of recourses higher or lower in HICS and why

A

Higher
They can afford to buy resources and expect a higher standard of Living

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17
Q

What is resource consumption like in NEES and why

A

Increasing rapidly
Industry is developing very fast (requires lots of energy) and population and wealth also inc rapidly

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18
Q

What is resource consumption like in LICs and why

A

Low
Can’t afford to exploit resources that they have or import

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19
Q

How have types of food in demand in the uk changed and why

A

1960s - most uk fruit + veg on sale in UK were produced locally and seasonal
But since there has been a growing demand for seasonal products all year round
Fruit and vegetables are being imported
Eg, apples from South Africa
Also been an increasing demand for high value foods eg, exotic fruit and veg
They have become more popular in the Uk as people income have increased
They are often grown in LIC and imported to UK

Organic produce is becoming increasingly popular. Demand is growing as people are becoming good more concerned about environmental impacts of food production and effect of chemicals on heals the
Some organic food is produced in the UK but lots is imported

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20
Q

What is seasonal food

A

Food you can only buy during the month that it grows

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21
Q

What does the growing, processing and packaging food produce

A

CO2 and other greenhouse gases

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22
Q

What % of the UKs total greenhouse gas emissions in 2013 came directly from growing food

A

Up to 9%

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23
Q

What is food miles

A

Distance food is transported to the market

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24
Q

How does food miles like to CO2 production

A

Higher food miles more co2

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25
Q

What is the carbon footprint of a product

A

Amount of greenhouse gases produced during growing, packaging and transporting a food

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26
Q

How does greenhouse gases link to carbon footprint and global warming

A

Larger carbon footprint
More greenhouse gases
More global warming

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27
Q

Do imported food have high or low food miles and carbon footprints

A

High

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28
Q

where are environmentalists encouraging people to buy food from

A

Locally
Eg, farmers markets, farm shops,

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29
Q

What is agribusiness

A

Large scale industrial farming where process from the production of seeds and fertilisers to the processing and packaging are controlled by large firms

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30
Q

Examples of how UK farms have changed as a result of agribusiness

A

Farm size inc - many small farms have been taken over and filed size inc so food can be produced cheaper
Amount of chemicals used in food production inc - encourages a faster growth
Number of workers employed decrease pd as of the greater use of machinery

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31
Q

Environmental impacts of industrial farming

A

Inc farm size meant hedgerows have been removed which leads to loss in biodiversity + heavy machinery is causing soil erosion

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32
Q

In the UK which areas have good / bad water supply and which areas are in demand

A

North and west of uk have high rainfall so they have a good supply of water, they have a water surplus

South east and midlands have high population densities so high demand for water, they are also areas of water deficit so there is a great demand

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33
Q

What is water surplus

A

There is a greater supply than demand

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34
Q

Since 1975 the amount of water used by households in the uk have gone up by what % and why

A

70%
Becuse people have more appliances that use lots of water. Eg, dish washers and washing machines

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35
Q

What is UKs population predicted o increase by by 2040

A

10 million

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36
Q

Polluted or low quality water reduces amount available to use
What does this cause

A

Puts pressure on water recourses

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37
Q

Problems with quality of river water in the UK

A

Nitrates and phosphates from fertilisers used on crops are being washed into rivers amd groundwater

Pollutants from vehicles are being washed into water sources through run off when it rain

Accidental chemical and oil spills at factories are polluting local water sources and groundwater supplies

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38
Q

What % of groundwater is poluted

A

50%

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39
Q

What has happened to many ground water supplies

A

Closed or have had expensive treatments to make them safe

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40
Q

What strategies are there to manage water quality

A

Improving drainage system (Slowing down the movement of rainwater to rivers so pollutants can be broken down in the soil)
Imposing regulations on the amount and types of fertilisers and pesticides used

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41
Q

What is one way to deal with the supply amd demand of water problem across the uk

A

Transfer water from areas of surplus to areas of deficit
Eg. Birmingham (area of deficit) is supplied with water from middle of wales (area of surplus)

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42
Q

Issues caused by water transfer

A

Dams and aqueducts are expensive
Affects wildlife that lives in the rivers (eg. Fish migration can be disrupted by dams
Political issues

43
Q

What continents produced lots of food and which produce small amounts of food

A

East Asia and North America - lots
Africa - small

44
Q

Do more developed areas have a high daily calorie intake and why

A

Yes
They can afford to import a large variety of food and many have a high income and can buy more food

45
Q

Do less developed areas have a high daily calorie intake and why

A

No
Can’t afford as much and less is available

46
Q

What is food security

A

When people are able to eat enough nutritious food to stay healthy and active
Countries that can produce a lot of food or are rich enough to import food They need have food security

47
Q

What is food insecurity

A

When people aren’t able to get enough food to stay healthy or lead an active life
Countries that don’t grow enough to feed their population and can’t afford to import food they need have food insecurity

48
Q

What are the 2 reasons why food consumption in the world is increasing

A

Rising population - expected to reach 9 billion by 2040 - so more require food

Economic development - countries getting wealthier, some NEES are experience high population growth rates were lots of people are getting richer quickly, wealthier people have more disposable incomes to spend on food, they often buy a greater variety and more than they need, wealthier countries can afford to food all year round so people no longer eat what is seasonally available
Industrialisation of agriculture mean countries able to produce more food at a lower cost.
Food becomes cheaper so people can afford to eat more

49
Q

How has the energy mix in the UK chnaged

A

Traditionally the UK has relied on fossil fuels supplies energy in 1970 91% of our energy came from Coal and oil
discovery of large gas reserves under the north sea meant by 1980 22% of the U.K.’s energy is supplied by gas use
of nuclear energy to produce electricity also increase during 1990s
recently there has been a shift away from fossil fuels and towards renewable energy sources all coal fired power stations are due to close by 2025 and 2014 19% of all electricity in the UK was generated from the renewable sources
wind and bioenergy are the biggest source of renewable energy but the use of solar and hydroelectric power has also increased 

50
Q

What is bio energy

A

Nervy from break down of burning of biological sources

51
Q

What is fracking

A

Fluid is pumped into shale rock at high pressure, causing it to crack this forces gas trapped in the rock to flow back out of a well where it is collected

52
Q

Benefits of exploiting energy sources

A

Creates jobs + wealth

53
Q

Economic issues with exploiting energy recourses

A

Extracting fossil fuels is Expensive (cost of extraction increases as reserve is used up)
Expensive to produce electricity from nuclear and renewable energy sources
Money is needed for research unti alternative energy sources (eg, shale gas)
Many renewable sources don’t provide a reliable enough supply of energy, so Uk still has to pay to import energy

54
Q

Environmental issues with exploiting energy resources

A

Burning fossil fules releases co2 and other greenhouse gases
Fracking may pollute groundwater and cause mini earthquakes
Accidents (oil spills or nuclear disaster) can lead toxic chemicals into water sources, soil amd the atmosphere
Natural ecosystems can be damaged by renewable energy generators (large wind farms or tidal barrage system) planned for Swansea in wales
Power stations and wind farms are ugly

55
Q

What is irrigation

A

Artificially watering land so crops can grow, can be used to make dry areas more productive or increase number if harvest sand the yield of crops

56
Q

What is water security

A

Having reliable and sustainable source of enough good quality water to meet everyone’s needs for industry, agriculture and personal health

57
Q

What does water security depend on

A

Amount of water available
Number of people who need to use the water
Able to aces the water

58
Q

What is having more water than you need known as

A

A water surplus

59
Q

What is a water deficit

A

When there is not enough water to meet people’s needs

60
Q

What can water deficit lead to

A

Water insecurity

61
Q

What is water insecurity

A

Not enough clean water to keep everyone healthy or enable them to make a living

62
Q

What is water stress

A

When demand for water exceeds supply during a certain period of when water is not high mouth whilst to use

63
Q

What do areas with water security have + examples

A

High rainfall and/or very low population density
Eg, Canada and Brazil

64
Q

What do areas with water insecurity have + examples

A

Low rainfall and/or high population density
Eg, Libya, Mexico

65
Q

What are the two main reasons why global demand for water is rising

A

Rising population
Economic development

66
Q

What would a rise in population increase water demand

A

Each person needs water
More people are mean more food needs to be produced (irrigation for agriculture used 70% of worlds fresh water resources)

67
Q

Why would industrialisation increase water demand

A

Uses a lot of water

68
Q

Why does energy production increase water demand

A

15% I’d all water withdrawn closely is used to produce energ

69
Q

Why would rising living standards increase global demand for water

A

As peoples Wealth increases they can afford a higher standard of living
Increases water use as more people can afford flushing toilets, showers ect

70
Q

Physical factors effecting water availability

A

Climate
Geology

71
Q

Why does climate effect water availability

A

Most places rely on rainfall which feeds lakes and rivers of the water supply
If climates are hot lots of water is also lost from the lakes and rivers due to the evaporation climate change is altering the total amount of rainfall in places as well as how often it rains and how heavy very dry areas are getting try increasing the risk of drought

72
Q

Why does geology effect water availability

A

When rate falls on impermeable rock it can’t soak in so flows of into lakes and rivers These are easy to get water from when the rain falls on permeable rock it flows down through them and can form underground water storesThese are harder to get from.
however groundwater can make water availability in very dry places

73
Q

Economic and social factors affecting water availability

A

Over abstraction
Pollution
Limited infrastructure
Poverty

74
Q

Why does limited infrastructure affect water availability

A

Rapid urbanisation means that water pipe and sewers can’t be built quickly enough to supply the population and prevent sewage from contaminating the supply

75
Q

Why does poverty affect water availability

A

Water providers charge a fee For supplying water to homes people who are too poor to pay for it have to find other sources of water which may not be treated to make them safe to drink

76
Q

Why does pollution affect water availability + how can water sources become polluted

A

Pollution of water sources reduces the amount of clean water available
water pollution is a major problem in rapidly industrialising countries where a lot of industrial waste is dumped into rivers without being treated human and animal waste or a hazard where people share water sources with animals that don’t have access to sanitation

77
Q

What is over abstraction

A

more water being used than is being replaced

78
Q

What is over abstraction caused by

A

Population growth + economic development
Improvements in sanitation and personal hygiene (people taking more showers)
High demand for businesses - tourists and recreation can put water stress on places during peak holiday season

79
Q

Problems caused by water insecurity

A

Pollution and disease - where water is scarce supplies of drinking water can become Polluted by sewage industrial chemicals or nitrogen from fertilisers. some diseases (collar and typhoid) are caused by microorganisms that are passed on through water contaminatimg untreated sewage. without access to alternative water supplies people maybe focus drink polluted water which can cause death or disease

Food production- irrigation for agriculture uses lots of water , shortage of water means less food can be grown would lead to starvation

industrial output - manufacturing industries are hugely water intensive so can’t produce as much during water shortages reducing peoples wages and affecting economy of the country

Conflict

80
Q

What is water transfers

A

Large scale engineering projects that more water from a river that has a surplus of water to a river that has a water shortage

81
Q

How is water usually transferred in water transfer schemes

A

Canals and pipes - but original river chnnel can also be dredged (deepened) to improve water flow

82
Q

What does water transfer have to potential to do

A

Reduce water insecurity in the receiving basin buy cause environmental social and economic problems

83
Q

How can dams and reservoirs help water supplies

A

During times of surplus the reservoir will fill - water then can be released in water deficit

84
Q

How is water transferred from reservoirs

A

Usually along pipelines but also involve tunnels, aqueducts and pumping stations (expensive)

85
Q

How can reservoirs cause conflict

A

Flood agricultural land
May also drown settlements so people are forced to move and find new jobs

86
Q

What is desalination

A

The removal of salt from sea water so that it can be used

87
Q

What are the two main process of desalination

A

Seawater heated ro evaporated then condensed to collect fresh water
Or seawater can be passes through a special membrane to remove salt

88
Q

Negatives of desalination

A

Expensive - uses energy to beat the water or force it through a membrane
Most plant safe also powered by fossil fuels

89
Q

What is water conservation

A

Trying to use less water

90
Q

Examples of water conservation

A

Fixing leaking reservoirs, pipes and dripping taps to stop water being wasted
Fitting duel flush toilets so they use les water
Buying efficient washing machines / dishwashers and only run them with full loads
Irrigate farmland by using drip pipes and sprays that direct water where it’s needed
Fitting homes / business with water meters (inc. awareness)
Educate people to take shorter showers / turn of taps when not In use

91
Q

How does groundwater management make a sustainable water supply

A

The amount go groundwater being extracted can be monitored to ensure it is not extracted faster then is naturally replaced
Laws dna be passed to prevent too much being extracted

92
Q

How can groundwater management prevent the supplied being polluted

A

Encourage farmers to apply less artificial fertilisers and pecans to farmland and companies that leak industrial waste can be fined

93
Q

When groundwater supplies are shared between countries what can be made to make sure that one country doesn’t take a unsustainable amount of water leaving the other country on unable to meet needs of their population

A

International agreements

94
Q

Issues with international agreements on groundwater shared supplies

A

Agreeing how much water each country should take can be difficult

95
Q

Sustainable water methods

A

Water conservation
Groundwater management
Recycling the ‘grey water’

96
Q

What does recycling water mean

A

Taking water that has already been used and using it again rather than returning it to a river or sea straight away

97
Q

How is recycling water more sustainable

A

Less water needs to be extracted from rivers or fr9k groundwater to meet peoples needs

98
Q

Where can water from homes and industry’s be piped so it is treated and is safe to reuse

A

Treatment plants

99
Q

What is most recycled water used for

A

Irrigation
Industry
Poweplants
Toilet flushing
But it can be treated to make it safe enough drink

100
Q

What is ‘grey water’

A

A type of recycled water
Usually reused immediately rather than being treated first
It is mostly waste water from peoples homes
As it’s relatively clean it can be sawfly used for irrigating gardens or farmland washing cars amd flushing toilets - not safe for washing hands or drinking

101
Q

How is China coping with water insecurity

A

Chinese government has planned a $62 billion projects that will transfer 44.8 billion litres of water every year from the wetter south to the drier north of the country two out of three planned routes have been completed - the central and eastern route

102
Q

Advantaged if water transfer project in China

A

Provides water in the people in the cities of Beijing and Tianjin
Allows industry to continue to develop brining wealth to country
Provides water for irrigation of farmland so crops can be grown

103
Q

Disadvantages of the water transfer scheme in China

A

Large areas flooded destroying natural habitats , construction works damaging ecosystems
Rising dam of danjiangkou resouvuir flooded productive farmland and forced 345,000 people to move - most now have less land and poorly built housing they refined little compensation and are now unemployed
The water it supplies to beijing is very expensive
Project only supplies urban areas so rural areas don’t have access
Water stress in the south will increase

Geography - Human (3 decks)

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