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Geography - Human > Rio + Leeds > Flashcards

Rio + Leeds Flashcards

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1
Q

Examples of mega cities

A

Tokyo
London
New york

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2
Q

What is a mega city

A

A city with 10 million or more people

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3
Q

How many mega cities where there in 1950

A

2

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4
Q

Examples of urbanisation problems

A

Pollution
Access to green space
Employment
Meeting needs of population
Crime
Services

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5
Q

Examples of urban areas

A

London
Leeds
Edinburgh

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6
Q

Will population increase or decrease in urban areas in the future

A

Increase

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7
Q

is the rate of urbanisation faster in LIC , NEEs and HICs

A

LICs and NEEs

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8
Q

How has the rural population changed throughout time (since 1950)

A

Rural population has increased yet it is predicted to remain constant

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9
Q

What is natural increase

A

When there are more births than deaths

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10
Q

What are push factors

A

Negatives which drives people away from a place

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11
Q

What are pull factors

A

Positives that draw people to a new location

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12
Q

Examples of push factors

A

War
Lack of services
Poverty
Flooding
Crop failure

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13
Q

Examples of pull factors

A

Higher employment
More wealth
Good climate
Politicalstability

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14
Q

What are the two groups of cities called

A

Developed and developing

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15
Q

Where is Tokyo located

A

Capital of Japan
I’m Asian of coast of Russia and Korea (to the east)

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16
Q

what is the population on Tokyo

A

14 million

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17
Q

Why are people migrating to Tokyo

A

Japan has one of the lowest crime lates

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18
Q

Push factors of Tokyo

A

Not much culture mix
Massive population

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19
Q

Pull factors if Tokyo

A

Advanced transport + technology ideas
Good economy
Many jobs
Educational area / opportunities

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20
Q

What opportunities do HIC mega cities bring

A

Wifi - tech
Better services
Lower levels of poverty
Higher QOL

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21
Q

What opportunities do LIC mega cities bring

A

More job opportunities

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22
Q

Why do women have more children in LICs

A

Higher infant mortality
Deliberately large families for work
Less access to contraception

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23
Q

What are the challenges of mega cities

A

Unsustainable
Little
Disease spread quicker so overcrowded
Pressure on health services
Crime
Pollution
Inequality
Traffic
Ect,

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24
Q

Opportunities in Tokyo

A

Largest stock market in Asia
Profitable location for businesses

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25
Q

Challenges I’m Tokyo

A

Overpopulation
Housing shortages
Against population

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26
Q

How many people line In urban areas? (1/2)

A

1/2

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27
Q

Why is Rio significant

A

Contains one of the natural wonders of the world
Held Olympics in 2016
Second largest economy in Brazil
Major port + international airport
4th richest metropolis in Latin America
Major importance in global economy as it’s an industrial finance centre

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28
Q

Where is Rio located

A

Continent of South America
Brazil
Located near Atlantic Ocean in the south east region

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29
Q

What is in central Rio

A

Many historic buildings
Main shopping area
Contains financial headquarters
Brazil’s largest oil + mining companies

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30
Q

What is in south zone Rio

A

Rios main tourist hotels
Beach’s such as copacbana
Wealthiest district in whole of South America + largest favela in south american

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31
Q

What is in west zone Rio

A

Changed from a lower class area into a wealthy costal suburb
Malls, recreation , apartments
Low quality housing, Olympic stadium

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32
Q

What is in north zone Rio

A

Cities main industrial port area
Cities international airport
Low quality housing + favelas

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33
Q

Favelas are home to what % of Rios population

A

23%

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34
Q

Why haven’t favelas been developed for over a century

A

Because neglect has been constant

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35
Q

Who are favelas built by

A

Residents

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36
Q

What do typical favelas have

A

Poor infrastructure- leading to difficulties in electricity + plumbing

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37
Q

Population of Rio

A

13,500,000

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38
Q

What culture is in Rio

A

UNESCO world heritage site
Christ the redeemer which is 1 of the 7 wonders of the world

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39
Q

What are Rios main services

A

Banking
Finance and insurance

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40
Q

What does Rio export

A

Sugar
Coffee
Iron ore
Textiles

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41
Q

What mountain is located in Rio

A

Sugar load mountain

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42
Q

What sporting events has Rio held

A

2014 World Cup, 2016 olympics

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43
Q

How and why has Rio grown

A

Be aimed major industrial administrative
Commercial and tourist centre
Economy of Rio has attracted lots of migrants from Brazil and other places - increases population- contributes to economic development

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44
Q

Where have migrants / immigrants come from to live in Rio

A

Other parts of Brazil
South America
South Korea
China
Portugal
Uk
USA

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45
Q

What history is in Rio

A

The french wanted to make the best of the possibilities Rio had to get a foothold in the city but were forced out after two years of war

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46
Q

What are some problems with living in Rio (push factors)

A

Little education
Most migrants live in shanty towns
Overcrowded
Disease ridden
Poor thin soil makes farming extremely difficult
drought
Unreliable rainfall
Hot weather
Extreme dry periods

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47
Q

Pull factors in Rio

A

Many rich people living in rio
Big wealthy city
Higher wages

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48
Q

Challenges in urbanisation in Rio

A

Poverty
Employment
Pollution
Waste disposal
Crime
Water
Landslides
Education
Energy

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49
Q

How is poverty a challenge in Rio

A

Huge rich and poor gap

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50
Q

How is employment a challenge in Rio

A

New job opportunities and the poor transport system makes it difficult to travel to work

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51
Q

How is population a challenge in Rio

A

Litter
traffic congestion in the city

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52
Q

How is waste disposal a challenge in Rio

A

In favelas there are no sewage or waste recovery system

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53
Q

How is population a challenge in Rio

A

Population is very dense in favelas therefore disease can spread faster
Leads to higher infant mortality rate
Limited waste collection increase risk of disease

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54
Q

How is crime in Rio a challenge

A

Crime rate in favelas are very high
Violence and drugs are a huge issue

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55
Q

How is landslides a challenge in Rio

A

The housing In Favelas are poor quality and are built on hillsides
Therefore leads to the risk of landslides + injuries

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56
Q

How is water a challenge in Rio

A

Challenge providing clean water and sanitation

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57
Q

How is education a challenge in Rio

A

Lack of schools and teachers
Some live a large distance away from the closest school
Some children need to work for families so can’t attend school

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58
Q

How is energy a challenge in Rio

A

Electrical supplies are overloaded causes significant issues in hospitals as of the amount of power cuts

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59
Q

Economic opportunities in Rio

A

Job opportunities
Tourism bring in money

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60
Q

Economic challenges in Rio

A

Lots of money pored into touristic attractions
lots of people struggle to pay bills
Massive rich and poor gap

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61
Q

Social opportunities in Rio

A

Beautiful views
Community
Sports teams

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62
Q

Social challenges in Rio

A

Drugs and gangs
Long walk to school for many
No waste sure,
Not any medical professionals
Riots

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63
Q

What was the health care challenge in Rio

A

2013 only 55% of city had a local family health clinic

64
Q

What was the solution to the healthcare challenge in Rio

A

Medical staff took a health kit into peoples homes and could detect 20 differentdiseases + treat then
Increase life expectancy

65
Q

What are the education challenges in Rio

A

Many drop out of education and start drug trafficking
Shortages of nearby schools + teachers
Poor training of teachers

66
Q

What is the solution to the education challenge in Rio

A

Encouraged locals to volunteer to help in schools
Giving school grants to poor families so they can keep their children in school

67
Q

What are the water supply challenges in Rio

A

12% of Rios population don’t have access to clean water
37% ornate us lost through leaky pipes

68
Q

What is the solution to the water supply challenge in Rio

A

7 new treatment plants 1998-2014
300km of pipes where laid
By 2014 95% of population had water supply

69
Q

What are the energy challenges in Rio

A

City suffers frequent blackouts due to electricity shortages
Poorer parts of Rio get electricity by illegally tapping into main supply

70
Q

What is the solution to the energy challenge in Rio

A

Installed 60km of new power line
New nuclear Generator

71
Q

Examples of employment in Rio

A

Manufacturing steel
Tourism
Services
Industries
Construction
Retail

72
Q

What is being done to improve education in Rio

A

After school programs
Free education for children living in favelas

73
Q

How does better education improve quality of life in Rio

A

Get education
Find work for future
If children in school they aren’t in gangs

74
Q

What is being done to improve housing on sleep slopes in Rio

A

Housing on steep hillsides are removed
People relocated to safter areas

75
Q

How does improving houses on steep slopes improve QOL in Rio

A

Safer for residents
Fewer deaths

76
Q

What is being done to improve infrastructure in Rio

A

Stress and roads have been widened

77
Q

How does improving infrastructure improve QOL in Rio

A

More cars on roads means more traffic
However wider roads means less traffic and people can get to work easier and quicker

78
Q

Why is a cable car been installed in Rio

A

Quicker travel
Less pollution
Better access for injured

79
Q

What is a self help scheme in Rio and how does it improve QOL

A

Given building materials (wood, brick)
Environmental improvements
Stronger stabler housing

80
Q

What happens in the site + services scheme in Rio and how does it improve QOL

A

Brick houses
Built with electricity, running water + sanitation pipes
Improves health, helps housing become more stable and safe

81
Q

What happens with the police pacifying unit in Rio and how does it improve quality of life

A

Police patrol favelas so there are less gangs
Less deaths in favelas

82
Q

What is in a health and leisure centre in Rio and how does it Improve QOL

A

Helps people with drug and alcohol abuse
Day care for young so parents can work
Parents working gives them money to help QOL

83
Q

An example of an urban transport scheme

A

Congestion charge

84
Q

Economic advantages of congestion charge

A

Cheaper to install than other scenes

85
Q

Environmental advantages of congestion charge

A

Reduce noise amd air pollution
Dear ease Co2 emissions

86
Q

Social advantage of congestion charge

A

Less cars on road - decrease accident rate and overall increase the safety of the people living there

87
Q

Disadvantages of congestion charge

A

Increase rich and poor gap as only rich will be able to afford daily change
People waiting to get to work might not be able to afford costs and be late for work
This will overall decrease government wealth

88
Q

What is congestion charge

A

Between allocated hours on week days there will be a costly change to travel by car on the roads of the city

89
Q

Why is congestion charge used

A

Reduce cars on the road and the use of cars in the city overall

90
Q

What was the aim of the barrio projects

A

Recognise the favelas as neighbourhoods of the city and provide them with essential services

91
Q

What is urban deprivation

A

A standard of living below that of the majority in a particular country that involves hardship and lack of access to recourses

92
Q

Indicators that an area may be deprived

A

Low life expectancy
Litter
Overcrowding
Poor housing
High levels of pollution
Inequality
Low Literacy rates
High crime rates

93
Q

Why would low life expectancy indicate a deprived area

A

Low health as less access to quality health care

94
Q

Why would litter indicate a deprived area

A

Litter could indicate a lack of services

95
Q

Why would over crowding indicate a deprived area

A

Many people love there as it’s cheaper
Meaning the building materials will be cheaper and not as good quality

96
Q

What is an opportunity

A

a set of circumstances that make it possible to do something such as getting a job

97
Q

What is urban greening

A

When they grow plant s wherever possible in towns + cit s

98
Q

Examples of urban greening in Leeds

A

Rounday park - one of the largest city parks in Europe

99
Q

Benefits of greening urban areas

A

Improving air quality
Improve health acts as a habitat for wildlife
Improve mental and physical health

100
Q

Why is education a challenge in Leeds

A

Language barrier due to migration make it harder to teach all students
overcrowding,
children unable to attend
Won’t give same quality of education

101
Q

Ways to manage congestion in Leeds

A

Bus lane
One way system
Bike lanes
Encouraging car sharing

102
Q

Describe the population distribution in the UK

A

The higher populated areas are mainly located in the English morelands with an anomaly of London in the south.
In the north of the Uk the cities population decrease and as we go west population in cities also decrease
England is the UKs country with the most major cities
A lot of the major cities are located on the coast - the largest cities is London

103
Q

What is suburbanisation

A

When people move from the city centre to the suburbs of the city

104
Q

What is counter urbanisation

A

When people move from town and cities to the countryside

105
Q

Leeds is the UKs - - - - growing city, with the —- largest employment total outside London

A

Fastest
Second

106
Q

How many people commute to work in Leeds from outside the district every day

A

110,000

107
Q

The Leeds city region has a workforce of how many and a business base of how many

A

1.9 million
106,000 (generating 5% of England’s total economic output worth almost £56 billion per year)

108
Q

What % of manufacturing in the UK takes place within a 2- hour drive of Leeds

A

50%

109
Q

How many jobs in advanced engineering, medical technology, food and drink, chemicals and priming in Leeds

A

152,000

110
Q

What growth (%) has Leeds Branford airport had over the last 5 years

A

75%
(More than 450 weekly flights take over 2.8 million travelers to 70 major intermational businesses and holiday destinations)

111
Q

5 reasons why Leeds is a major city in both the uk and in wider regions

A

Retail opportunities
Airport
4 university’s
Sports (rugby, football and cricket)
Music

112
Q

What is a migrant

A

Someone who moves to another country

113
Q

What is immigration

A

The movement of people into an area

114
Q

What is an emigrant

A

Someone who leaves a country or area

115
Q

Positives of migrants moving to Leeds

A

Cultural diversity
Helps overcome labour (workforce) shortages
Immigrants are often prepared to do unskilled jobs
Cheap labour (there willing to work for minimum wage)

116
Q

Negatives of migrants moving to Leeds

A

Language problems
Racial / ethnic problems
Jobs lost to incoming workers
Loss of the most likely to have education and skills
Limited skills / education in immigrant population
Pressure on housing and services

117
Q

Why do migrants often settle in larger cities or capital cities

A

More likely to have heard of larger cities
More services
Better education / job opportunities
Better migrant support in cities
More public transport
Apartment blocks (low rent)

118
Q

What is urban deprivation in the UK measured upon

A

Multiple deprivation index
Areas are ranked in rider of deprivation based upon ‘multiple’ factors such as income, employment, crime and health

119
Q

Where does Leeds score when ranking on proportion of neighbourhoods in most deprived 10% nationally

A

31 / 326

120
Q

What is deindustrialisation

A

The reduction in manufacturing

121
Q

Social challenges of deindustrialisation

A

In armley 23.2% of people do not have any qualification
The population of Leeds is expecting to grow so there will be greater demands on housing

122
Q

Economic challenges of deindustrialisation

A

The industrial mills in armley closed in the early 1970s so many people lost jobs

123
Q

Environmental challenges of deindustrialisation

A

More traffic will be created by commuter villages like drighlington
Litter is dropped in run down, derelict areas which poses hazards to wildlife
More houses will be built on greenfield land, destroying habitats

124
Q

Brownfield site

A

Relating to urban sites for potential building development that have had previous development on them

125
Q

Greenfield site

A

A site that has never had any building development take place on it

126
Q

Opportunities created by urban change

A

Urban greening
Transport improvements - guided busway
Transport improvements - high speed rail 2
Culture
Employment

127
Q

What is urban greening

A

Planting plants wherever possible in towns and cities
Leeds is home to many green spaces such as round hay park - one of the largest city parks in Europe.

128
Q

Benefits of greening urban areas

A

Improving air cooling, making it more bearable In town and cities in hot weather
Insulation of buildings by garden vegetation
Improving air quality
Storm water mitigation which helps to reduce garden flooding
A source of habitat for wildlife
Improved health for plants and people who garden more

129
Q

What are guided busway (how are they an opportunity )

A

Segregated transport corridors for bus services, allowing operations of regular reliable services with reduced influence from traffic congestion
The permanent infrastructure of a dedicated busway improves public perception of bus travel and reduce congestion in urban areas

130
Q

What is the high speed rail 2

A

The busiest station in north England - passenger number is predicated to double in the next 30 years

131
Q

Examples of contemporary culture in Leeds

A

The grand theatre - plays host to many world famous musicals such as mamma Mia and Chicago
The Leeds playhouse is home to musicals, comedy performances and film
The first direct arena was votes the best venue in the world 2014 at stadium business awards

132
Q

Employment in Victoria gate

A

£168 million development in Leeds city centre which is hoke to the larger John Lewis department store outside London
550 jobs created in John Lewis store

Victorian super casino - 1400 person capacity and provided approximately 200 jobs

133
Q

Opportunity’s created by urban change in Leeds

A

Cultural mix - Opportunity to experience different cultures and learn and see culture such as grandad and Leeds Playhouse

Recreation and entertainment- The grand theatre the leads play house the first district area

Employment - Gives people opportunity to make money to improve quality of life and give people other choices for money than crime

Transports systems - Opportunity to allow people to get to work on time using the guided busway is also reduces pollution and allows a healthy city

Urban greening - Open green spaces improves peoples mental and physical health therefore improving the quality of life and giving them more opportunities in life

134
Q

Examples of how the greenhouse development in Leeds uses green energy to be more energy efficient

A

Ground source heat pumps to provide hot water
large wind turbines to provide homes and businesses with electricity
solar panels to provide hot water
homes well insulated with latest double glazing homes and have low energy washing machines

135
Q

Examples of sustainable transport initiatives to become more eco friendly by the Leeds greenhouse development

A

Car sharing club with cars using bio fuel, green busses run from the greenhouse development to the dirty centre and implement cycle tracts into city

136
Q

Why did the area where the beeston, Leeds greenhouse development need regenerating

A

Derelict
Lots of graffiti
Very poor living conditions
Doesn’t attract new businesses to the area

137
Q

What is sustainably urban living

A

improving the environment for people now and preserving it for the fur trees generations through using renewable resources and energy efficient.

138
Q

What is the park and ride sustainable-transport scheme and where has it been successful

A

Drivers leave cars in parking in ourite cities and catch regular buses into i
City centre (successful in eland road)

139
Q

How will park and ride reduce traffic congestion

A

Reduces congestion as less people have cars in the dirty and a easier alternative than trying to park in the city centre

140
Q

Advantages of park and ride

A

Cheaper than parking in city centre
Reduces air / noise pollution

141
Q

Disadvantages of park and ride

A

Increase for more space
Only seeds jeorney if there is a dedicated buss lane
Less convenient

142
Q

What is the bus lane sustainable-transport scheme and where has it been successful

A

Lanes exclusive to busses so no other traffic Dan slow it down (efficient)

Successful in New York

143
Q

How will bus lanes reduce traffic congestion

A

Reduced amounts Of cars on the road
Influence others to take public transport as of the quicker speed

144
Q

Advantages of bus lanes

A

Less traffic
Quicker
Less effect on environment

145
Q

Disadvantages of bus lanes

A

Cramped
Waiting for bus
Cost of bus

146
Q

What is the trams sustainable-transport scheme and where has it been successful

A

Trolls ot street cart and transports people using electricity in overhead wires
Successful in Amsterdam

147
Q

How will trams reduce traffic congestion

A

Runs on electricity
Transports number of people at once - less people on roads - quicker so people would rather take a train than a car

148
Q

Advantages of trams

A

Quicker
Job opportunities

149
Q

Disadvantages of trams

A

reduces speed for other transports
Expensive to instal

150
Q

What is the high occupancy lane sustainable-transport scheme and where has it been successful

A

Lane allowing cars with 2 or more people in to travel dowm
Success in leeds

151
Q

How will high occupancy lanes reduce congestion

A

Encouraged car sharing and Public transport
To reduce jeoney as the lanes are less congested

152
Q

Advantages of high occupancy lanes

A

Less pollution
People on time for work

153
Q

Disadvantages of high occupancy lanes

A

Time consuming
Costly

154
Q

What is the cycle superhighway sustainable-transport scheme and where has it been successful

A

Dedicated cycling route
Increase levels of cycling
Success in Leeds

155
Q

How will a cycle superhighway reduce traffic congestion

A

Speed up roads as busses can’t disrupt cars and is also less fpdangerous for the bikes ir they are sperated form cars

156
Q

Advantages of cycle superhighway

A

Healthier population
Safer urban environment
Less pollution

157
Q

Disadvantages of the cycle superhighway

A

Expensive to install

Geography - Human (3 decks)

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