Rio + Leeds Flashcards
Examples of mega cities
Tokyo
London
New york
What is a mega city
A city with 10 million or more people
How many mega cities where there in 1950
2
Examples of urbanisation problems
Pollution
Access to green space
Employment
Meeting needs of population
Crime
Services
Examples of urban areas
London
Leeds
Edinburgh
Will population increase or decrease in urban areas in the future
Increase
is the rate of urbanisation faster in LIC , NEEs and HICs
LICs and NEEs
How has the rural population changed throughout time (since 1950)
Rural population has increased yet it is predicted to remain constant
What is natural increase
When there are more births than deaths
What are push factors
Negatives which drives people away from a place
What are pull factors
Positives that draw people to a new location
Examples of push factors
War
Lack of services
Poverty
Flooding
Crop failure
Examples of pull factors
Higher employment
More wealth
Good climate
Politicalstability
What are the two groups of cities called
Developed and developing
Where is Tokyo located
Capital of Japan
I’m Asian of coast of Russia and Korea (to the east)
what is the population on Tokyo
14 million
Why are people migrating to Tokyo
Japan has one of the lowest crime lates
Push factors of Tokyo
Not much culture mix
Massive population
Pull factors if Tokyo
Advanced transport + technology ideas
Good economy
Many jobs
Educational area / opportunities
What opportunities do HIC mega cities bring
Wifi - tech
Better services
Lower levels of poverty
Higher QOL
What opportunities do LIC mega cities bring
More job opportunities
Why do women have more children in LICs
Higher infant mortality
Deliberately large families for work
Less access to contraception
What are the challenges of mega cities
Unsustainable
Little
Disease spread quicker so overcrowded
Pressure on health services
Crime
Pollution
Inequality
Traffic
Ect,
Opportunities in Tokyo
Largest stock market in Asia
Profitable location for businesses
Challenges I’m Tokyo
Overpopulation
Housing shortages
Against population
How many people line In urban areas? (1/2)
1/2
Why is Rio significant
Contains one of the natural wonders of the world
Held Olympics in 2016
Second largest economy in Brazil
Major port + international airport
4th richest metropolis in Latin America
Major importance in global economy as it’s an industrial finance centre
Where is Rio located
Continent of South America
Brazil
Located near Atlantic Ocean in the south east region
What is in central Rio
Many historic buildings
Main shopping area
Contains financial headquarters
Brazil’s largest oil + mining companies
What is in south zone Rio
Rios main tourist hotels
Beach’s such as copacbana
Wealthiest district in whole of South America + largest favela in south american
What is in west zone Rio
Changed from a lower class area into a wealthy costal suburb
Malls, recreation , apartments
Low quality housing, Olympic stadium
What is in north zone Rio
Cities main industrial port area
Cities international airport
Low quality housing + favelas
Favelas are home to what % of Rios population
23%
Why haven’t favelas been developed for over a century
Because neglect has been constant
Who are favelas built by
Residents
What do typical favelas have
Poor infrastructure- leading to difficulties in electricity + plumbing
Population of Rio
13,500,000
What culture is in Rio
UNESCO world heritage site
Christ the redeemer which is 1 of the 7 wonders of the world
What are Rios main services
Banking
Finance and insurance
What does Rio export
Sugar
Coffee
Iron ore
Textiles
What mountain is located in Rio
Sugar load mountain
What sporting events has Rio held
2014 World Cup, 2016 olympics
How and why has Rio grown
Be aimed major industrial administrative
Commercial and tourist centre
Economy of Rio has attracted lots of migrants from Brazil and other places - increases population- contributes to economic development
Where have migrants / immigrants come from to live in Rio
Other parts of Brazil
South America
South Korea
China
Portugal
Uk
USA
What history is in Rio
The french wanted to make the best of the possibilities Rio had to get a foothold in the city but were forced out after two years of war
What are some problems with living in Rio (push factors)
Little education
Most migrants live in shanty towns
Overcrowded
Disease ridden
Poor thin soil makes farming extremely difficult
drought
Unreliable rainfall
Hot weather
Extreme dry periods
Pull factors in Rio
Many rich people living in rio
Big wealthy city
Higher wages
Challenges in urbanisation in Rio
Poverty
Employment
Pollution
Waste disposal
Crime
Water
Landslides
Education
Energy
How is poverty a challenge in Rio
Huge rich and poor gap
How is employment a challenge in Rio
New job opportunities and the poor transport system makes it difficult to travel to work
How is population a challenge in Rio
Litter
traffic congestion in the city
How is waste disposal a challenge in Rio
In favelas there are no sewage or waste recovery system
How is population a challenge in Rio
Population is very dense in favelas therefore disease can spread faster
Leads to higher infant mortality rate
Limited waste collection increase risk of disease
How is crime in Rio a challenge
Crime rate in favelas are very high
Violence and drugs are a huge issue
How is landslides a challenge in Rio
The housing In Favelas are poor quality and are built on hillsides
Therefore leads to the risk of landslides + injuries
How is water a challenge in Rio
Challenge providing clean water and sanitation
How is education a challenge in Rio
Lack of schools and teachers
Some live a large distance away from the closest school
Some children need to work for families so can’t attend school
How is energy a challenge in Rio
Electrical supplies are overloaded causes significant issues in hospitals as of the amount of power cuts
Economic opportunities in Rio
Job opportunities
Tourism bring in money
Economic challenges in Rio
Lots of money pored into touristic attractions
lots of people struggle to pay bills
Massive rich and poor gap
Social opportunities in Rio
Beautiful views
Community
Sports teams
Social challenges in Rio
Drugs and gangs
Long walk to school for many
No waste sure,
Not any medical professionals
Riots
What was the health care challenge in Rio
2013 only 55% of city had a local family health clinic
What was the solution to the healthcare challenge in Rio
Medical staff took a health kit into peoples homes and could detect 20 differentdiseases + treat then
Increase life expectancy
What are the education challenges in Rio
Many drop out of education and start drug trafficking
Shortages of nearby schools + teachers
Poor training of teachers
What is the solution to the education challenge in Rio
Encouraged locals to volunteer to help in schools
Giving school grants to poor families so they can keep their children in school
What are the water supply challenges in Rio
12% of Rios population don’t have access to clean water
37% ornate us lost through leaky pipes
What is the solution to the water supply challenge in Rio
7 new treatment plants 1998-2014
300km of pipes where laid
By 2014 95% of population had water supply
What are the energy challenges in Rio
City suffers frequent blackouts due to electricity shortages
Poorer parts of Rio get electricity by illegally tapping into main supply
What is the solution to the energy challenge in Rio
Installed 60km of new power line
New nuclear Generator
Examples of employment in Rio
Manufacturing steel
Tourism
Services
Industries
Construction
Retail
What is being done to improve education in Rio
After school programs
Free education for children living in favelas
How does better education improve quality of life in Rio
Get education
Find work for future
If children in school they aren’t in gangs
What is being done to improve housing on sleep slopes in Rio
Housing on steep hillsides are removed
People relocated to safter areas
How does improving houses on steep slopes improve QOL in Rio
Safer for residents
Fewer deaths
What is being done to improve infrastructure in Rio
Stress and roads have been widened
How does improving infrastructure improve QOL in Rio
More cars on roads means more traffic
However wider roads means less traffic and people can get to work easier and quicker
Why is a cable car been installed in Rio
Quicker travel
Less pollution
Better access for injured
What is a self help scheme in Rio and how does it improve QOL
Given building materials (wood, brick)
Environmental improvements
Stronger stabler housing
What happens in the site + services scheme in Rio and how does it improve QOL
Brick houses
Built with electricity, running water + sanitation pipes
Improves health, helps housing become more stable and safe
What happens with the police pacifying unit in Rio and how does it improve quality of life
Police patrol favelas so there are less gangs
Less deaths in favelas
What is in a health and leisure centre in Rio and how does it Improve QOL
Helps people with drug and alcohol abuse
Day care for young so parents can work
Parents working gives them money to help QOL
An example of an urban transport scheme
Congestion charge
Economic advantages of congestion charge
Cheaper to install than other scenes
Environmental advantages of congestion charge
Reduce noise amd air pollution
Dear ease Co2 emissions
Social advantage of congestion charge
Less cars on road - decrease accident rate and overall increase the safety of the people living there
Disadvantages of congestion charge
Increase rich and poor gap as only rich will be able to afford daily change
People waiting to get to work might not be able to afford costs and be late for work
This will overall decrease government wealth
What is congestion charge
Between allocated hours on week days there will be a costly change to travel by car on the roads of the city
Why is congestion charge used
Reduce cars on the road and the use of cars in the city overall
What was the aim of the barrio projects
Recognise the favelas as neighbourhoods of the city and provide them with essential services
What is urban deprivation
A standard of living below that of the majority in a particular country that involves hardship and lack of access to recourses
Indicators that an area may be deprived
Low life expectancy
Litter
Overcrowding
Poor housing
High levels of pollution
Inequality
Low Literacy rates
High crime rates
Why would low life expectancy indicate a deprived area
Low health as less access to quality health care
Why would litter indicate a deprived area
Litter could indicate a lack of services
Why would over crowding indicate a deprived area
Many people love there as it’s cheaper
Meaning the building materials will be cheaper and not as good quality
What is an opportunity
a set of circumstances that make it possible to do something such as getting a job
What is urban greening
When they grow plant s wherever possible in towns + cit s
Examples of urban greening in Leeds
Rounday park - one of the largest city parks in Europe
Benefits of greening urban areas
Improving air quality
Improve health acts as a habitat for wildlife
Improve mental and physical health
Why is education a challenge in Leeds
Language barrier due to migration make it harder to teach all students
overcrowding,
children unable to attend
Won’t give same quality of education
Ways to manage congestion in Leeds
Bus lane
One way system
Bike lanes
Encouraging car sharing
Describe the population distribution in the UK
The higher populated areas are mainly located in the English morelands with an anomaly of London in the south.
In the north of the Uk the cities population decrease and as we go west population in cities also decrease
England is the UKs country with the most major cities
A lot of the major cities are located on the coast - the largest cities is London
What is suburbanisation
When people move from the city centre to the suburbs of the city
What is counter urbanisation
When people move from town and cities to the countryside
Leeds is the UKs - - - - growing city, with the —- largest employment total outside London
Fastest
Second
How many people commute to work in Leeds from outside the district every day
110,000
The Leeds city region has a workforce of how many and a business base of how many
1.9 million
106,000 (generating 5% of England’s total economic output worth almost £56 billion per year)
What % of manufacturing in the UK takes place within a 2- hour drive of Leeds
50%
How many jobs in advanced engineering, medical technology, food and drink, chemicals and priming in Leeds
152,000
What growth (%) has Leeds Branford airport had over the last 5 years
75%
(More than 450 weekly flights take over 2.8 million travelers to 70 major intermational businesses and holiday destinations)
5 reasons why Leeds is a major city in both the uk and in wider regions
Retail opportunities
Airport
4 university’s
Sports (rugby, football and cricket)
Music
What is a migrant
Someone who moves to another country
What is immigration
The movement of people into an area
What is an emigrant
Someone who leaves a country or area
Positives of migrants moving to Leeds
Cultural diversity
Helps overcome labour (workforce) shortages
Immigrants are often prepared to do unskilled jobs
Cheap labour (there willing to work for minimum wage)
Negatives of migrants moving to Leeds
Language problems
Racial / ethnic problems
Jobs lost to incoming workers
Loss of the most likely to have education and skills
Limited skills / education in immigrant population
Pressure on housing and services
Why do migrants often settle in larger cities or capital cities
More likely to have heard of larger cities
More services
Better education / job opportunities
Better migrant support in cities
More public transport
Apartment blocks (low rent)
What is urban deprivation in the UK measured upon
Multiple deprivation index
Areas are ranked in rider of deprivation based upon ‘multiple’ factors such as income, employment, crime and health
Where does Leeds score when ranking on proportion of neighbourhoods in most deprived 10% nationally
31 / 326
What is deindustrialisation
The reduction in manufacturing
Social challenges of deindustrialisation
In armley 23.2% of people do not have any qualification
The population of Leeds is expecting to grow so there will be greater demands on housing
Economic challenges of deindustrialisation
The industrial mills in armley closed in the early 1970s so many people lost jobs
Environmental challenges of deindustrialisation
More traffic will be created by commuter villages like drighlington
Litter is dropped in run down, derelict areas which poses hazards to wildlife
More houses will be built on greenfield land, destroying habitats
Brownfield site
Relating to urban sites for potential building development that have had previous development on them
Greenfield site
A site that has never had any building development take place on it
Opportunities created by urban change
Urban greening
Transport improvements - guided busway
Transport improvements - high speed rail 2
Culture
Employment
What is urban greening
Planting plants wherever possible in towns and cities
Leeds is home to many green spaces such as round hay park - one of the largest city parks in Europe.
Benefits of greening urban areas
Improving air cooling, making it more bearable In town and cities in hot weather
Insulation of buildings by garden vegetation
Improving air quality
Storm water mitigation which helps to reduce garden flooding
A source of habitat for wildlife
Improved health for plants and people who garden more
What are guided busway (how are they an opportunity )
Segregated transport corridors for bus services, allowing operations of regular reliable services with reduced influence from traffic congestion
The permanent infrastructure of a dedicated busway improves public perception of bus travel and reduce congestion in urban areas
What is the high speed rail 2
The busiest station in north England - passenger number is predicated to double in the next 30 years
Examples of contemporary culture in Leeds
The grand theatre - plays host to many world famous musicals such as mamma Mia and Chicago
The Leeds playhouse is home to musicals, comedy performances and film
The first direct arena was votes the best venue in the world 2014 at stadium business awards
Employment in Victoria gate
£168 million development in Leeds city centre which is hoke to the larger John Lewis department store outside London
550 jobs created in John Lewis store
Victorian super casino - 1400 person capacity and provided approximately 200 jobs
Opportunity’s created by urban change in Leeds
Cultural mix - Opportunity to experience different cultures and learn and see culture such as grandad and Leeds Playhouse
Recreation and entertainment- The grand theatre the leads play house the first district area
Employment - Gives people opportunity to make money to improve quality of life and give people other choices for money than crime
Transports systems - Opportunity to allow people to get to work on time using the guided busway is also reduces pollution and allows a healthy city
Urban greening - Open green spaces improves peoples mental and physical health therefore improving the quality of life and giving them more opportunities in life
Examples of how the greenhouse development in Leeds uses green energy to be more energy efficient
Ground source heat pumps to provide hot water
large wind turbines to provide homes and businesses with electricity
solar panels to provide hot water
homes well insulated with latest double glazing homes and have low energy washing machines
Examples of sustainable transport initiatives to become more eco friendly by the Leeds greenhouse development
Car sharing club with cars using bio fuel, green busses run from the greenhouse development to the dirty centre and implement cycle tracts into city
Why did the area where the beeston, Leeds greenhouse development need regenerating
Derelict
Lots of graffiti
Very poor living conditions
Doesn’t attract new businesses to the area
What is sustainably urban living
improving the environment for people now and preserving it for the fur trees generations through using renewable resources and energy efficient.
What is the park and ride sustainable-transport scheme and where has it been successful
Drivers leave cars in parking in ourite cities and catch regular buses into i
City centre (successful in eland road)
How will park and ride reduce traffic congestion
Reduces congestion as less people have cars in the dirty and a easier alternative than trying to park in the city centre
Advantages of park and ride
Cheaper than parking in city centre
Reduces air / noise pollution
Disadvantages of park and ride
Increase for more space
Only seeds jeorney if there is a dedicated buss lane
Less convenient
What is the bus lane sustainable-transport scheme and where has it been successful
Lanes exclusive to busses so no other traffic Dan slow it down (efficient)
Successful in New York
How will bus lanes reduce traffic congestion
Reduced amounts Of cars on the road
Influence others to take public transport as of the quicker speed
Advantages of bus lanes
Less traffic
Quicker
Less effect on environment
Disadvantages of bus lanes
Cramped
Waiting for bus
Cost of bus
What is the trams sustainable-transport scheme and where has it been successful
Trolls ot street cart and transports people using electricity in overhead wires
Successful in Amsterdam
How will trams reduce traffic congestion
Runs on electricity
Transports number of people at once - less people on roads - quicker so people would rather take a train than a car
Advantages of trams
Quicker
Job opportunities
Disadvantages of trams
reduces speed for other transports
Expensive to instal
What is the high occupancy lane sustainable-transport scheme and where has it been successful
Lane allowing cars with 2 or more people in to travel dowm
Success in leeds
How will high occupancy lanes reduce congestion
Encouraged car sharing and Public transport
To reduce jeoney as the lanes are less congested
Advantages of high occupancy lanes
Less pollution
People on time for work
Disadvantages of high occupancy lanes
Time consuming
Costly
What is the cycle superhighway sustainable-transport scheme and where has it been successful
Dedicated cycling route
Increase levels of cycling
Success in Leeds
How will a cycle superhighway reduce traffic congestion
Speed up roads as busses can’t disrupt cars and is also less fpdangerous for the bikes ir they are sperated form cars
Advantages of cycle superhighway
Healthier population
Safer urban environment
Less pollution
Disadvantages of the cycle superhighway
Expensive to install
