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Physiology. Gastrointestinal Physiology. > The Cephalic Phase of Digestion. > Flashcards

The Cephalic Phase of Digestion. Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cephalic phase of digestion?

A

The phase before anything enters the stomach.

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2
Q

What processes are mainly involved in the cephalic phase of digestion?

A

Bringing the food into the mouth.

Mixing the food with saliva.

Preparing the food for swallowing.

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3
Q

Does the cephalic phase involve mechanical or chemical digestion?

A

Mainly mechanical digestion, but some chemical digestion is involved.

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4
Q

How does the cephalic phase affect the stomach and intestines?

A

It sends signals to them to prepare for incoming food.

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5
Q

What are the 3 phases of digestion?

A

The cephalic phase.

The gastric phase.

The intestinal phase.

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6
Q

What occurs during the gastric phase of digestion?

A

Initiation of stomach secretions and motility.

Distension of the stomach.

Release of gastrin.

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7
Q

What occurs during the intestinal phase of digestion?

A

Changes in volume and composition of the contents of the intestine.

Increase in intestinal motility and secretions.

Secretions from pancreas and gall bladder.

Secretion of the hormones CCK and secretin.

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8
Q

What organs are involved in the prehension of food?

A

Lips.

Paws.

Tongue.

Teeth.

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9
Q

Dogs use what organs during prehension?

A

Tongue and paws.

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10
Q

Horses use what organs during prehension?

A

Lips and teeth.

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11
Q

Cattle use what organs during prehension?

A

Tongue only.

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12
Q

Goats use what organs during prehension?

A

Lips and teeth.

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13
Q

What is the 1st step of mechanical digestion?

A

Chewing.

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14
Q

What is the aim of chewing?

A

To break food down and to lubricate it for swallowing.

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15
Q

What reflex controls chewing?

A

The chewing reflex.

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16
Q

What are the steps of the chewing reflex?

A

Food bolus puts pressure on palate.

Lower jaw drops.

Cheek muscles contract.

Lower jaw comes up.

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17
Q

What characterises the jaws of a carnivore?

A

The upper and lower jaws are of equal width.

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18
Q

What direction will the jaws of carnivores move in while chewing?

A

Vertical directions.

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19
Q

What action is produced when carnivores chew?

A

A cutting action.

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20
Q

What characterises the jaws of a herbivore?

A

The lower jaw is narrower than the upper jaw.

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21
Q

What direction will the jaws of herbivores move in while chewing?

A

Horizontal directions.

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22
Q

What action is produced when herbivores chew?

A

A grinding action.

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23
Q

What animals constantly need to re-grow their teeth?

A

Herbivores.

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24
Q

What kind of teeth are found in herbivores?

A

Hypsodont teeth.

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25
Q

What are the 3 major salivary glands found in most animals?

A

Parotid gland.

Mandibular gland.

Sublingual gland.

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26
Q

What additional salivary gland is found in dogs?

A

The zygomatic gland.

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27
Q

What is the makeup of saliva?

A

98% water.

2% ions and organic compounds.

28
Q

What kind of animals will secrete the most saliva?

A

Herbivores.

29
Q

How much saliva is secreted by humans and pigs?

A

1.5 L per day.

30
Q

How much saliva is secreted by cattle?

A

100-250 litres per day.

31
Q

How much saliva is secreted by horses?

A

10L per day.

32
Q

What are the 4 main functions of saliva?

A

To lubricate food.

To inhibit bacteria.

Carbohydrate digestion.

To cool the body via evaporation.

33
Q

What enzymes are found in saliva?

A

Amylase.

34
Q

What nutrients are broken down by amylase?

A

Carbohydrates.

35
Q

What animal produces a lot of amylase in its saliva?

A

The pig.

36
Q

What ion is saliva particularly rich in?

A

Potassium.

37
Q

Is saliva acidic or alkaline?

A

Alkaline.

38
Q

What kind of gland is the salivary gland?

A

An exocrine gland as it has a duct.

39
Q

What characterises endocrine glands?

A

They always secrete their substances directly into the blood.

40
Q

What is always found in exocrine glands?

A

An acinus.

41
Q

What is the function of the duct cells in a salivary gland?

A

They change the pH and electrolyte composition of salvia.

42
Q

What is added to saliva to make it more alkaline?

A

Bicarbonate.

43
Q

What is the function of the acinus of the salivary gland?

A

It makes the saliva.

44
Q

When does saliva secretion occur?

A

It is always occurring, but it is increased during food intake.

45
Q

What are the 2 ways that the autonomic nervous system will control saliva secretion?

A

The parasympathetic reflex.

The conditioned reflex.

46
Q

What is the parasympathetic reflex that controls saliva secretion?

A

Chemo and mechanoreceptors in the mouth stimulate the salivary centre in the brain.

47
Q

What is the conditioned reflex that controls saliva secretion?

A

The smell and thought of food activates the salivary centre.

48
Q

What cranial nerves are involved in saliva secretion?

A

Cranial nerves 7 and 9.

49
Q

How will saliva secretion affect the stomach?

A

It activates cranial nerve 10 to stimulate the stomach and small intestine.

50
Q

What is silocele?

A

An accumulation of saliva in a body cavity.

51
Q

What are the 2 phases involved in swallowing?

A

A voluntary phase.

A reflex phase.

52
Q

What occurs in the voluntary phase of swallowing?

A

The tongue moves the food bolus to the pharynx.

53
Q

What occurs in the reflex phase of swallowing?

A

Touch receptors stimulate the gag reflex via CN 9.

This lifts up the soft palate which blocks the nasal passage and closes the larynx so food can enter the oesophagus.

54
Q

What part of the brain controls the reflex phase of swallowing?

A

The medulla oblongata.

55
Q

What happens once the food bolus enters the oesophagus?

A

It is propelled towards the stomach via peristalsis.

56
Q

What muscle makes up the upper oesophageal sphincter?

A

The cricopharyngeal muscle.

57
Q

What name is given to the lower oesophageal sphincter?

A

The cardia.

58
Q

What position are the cardia and cricopharyngeal muscle in when swallowing is not occurring?

A

They are closed.

59
Q

What animal will not be able to vomit?

A

The horse.

60
Q

Gastro-oesophageal reflux is common in what animals?

A

Dogs.

61
Q

What is gastro-oesophageal reflux?

A

The uncontrollable flow of gastric fluid into the oesophagus.

62
Q

What kind of dogs are most likely to experience gastro-oesophageal reflux

A

Young dogs.

63
Q

What are common problems that lead to disturbances of pre-gastric digestion?

A

Teeth/mouth problems.

Nerve damage.

Megaoesophagus.

64
Q

What is megaoesopahgus?

A

When food gets stuck in the oesophagus causing it to enlarge.

65
Q

What are 3 common causes of megaoesophagus?

A

Achalasia.

Persistent right aortic arch,

Myasthenia gravia.

66
Q

What is achalasia?

A

When the lower oesophageal sphincter fails to relax.

Physiology. Gastrointestinal Physiology. (6 decks)

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