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Physiology. Gastrointestinal Physiology. > General Characteristics. > Flashcards

General Characteristics. Flashcards

1
Q

What is the major function of the digestive system?

A

To take nutrients from the environment and place them into circulation.

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2
Q

How does the digestive system take nutrients from the environment and place them in circulation?

A

It transforms them from large molecules into much smaller molecules that can then be absorbed.

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3
Q

What are the 3 groups of nutrients that are taken in by the digestive system?

A

Fats.

Carbohydrates.

Proteins.

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4
Q

Can fats, proteins and carbohydrates be absorbed into the blood?

A

No, they must be reduced to their constituents.

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5
Q

What part of fats can be absorbed into circulation?

A

Fatty acids.

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6
Q

What part of carbohydrates can be absorbed into circulation?

A

Monosaccharides such as glucose.

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7
Q

What part of proteins can be absorbed into circulation?

A

Amino acids.

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8
Q

What are the 2 methods that the digestive system uses to break down nutrients?

A

Mechanical methods.

Chemical methods.

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9
Q

What collective name is given to the organs that support the digestive system?

A

The accessory organs.

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10
Q

What are the 3 fundamental processes that are used by the digestive system?

A

Motility.

Secretion.

Absorption.

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11
Q

How does the GI tract use motility to help with digestion?

A

Muscles mix and crush food up to make it smaller.

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12
Q

Is GI tract motility a form of mechanical or chemical digestion?

A

Mechanical.

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13
Q

How does the GI tract use secretions to help with digestion?

A

The secretions contain substances such as digestive enzymes etc that will help with digestion.

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14
Q

How does the GI tract use absorption to help with digestion?

A

It absorbs the nutrients from the digestive system into the blood.

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15
Q

Are GI tract secretions a form of mechanical or chemical digestion?

A

Chemical digestion.

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16
Q

What are the 2 main controlling factors of the digestive system?

A

The nervous system.

Hormones.

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17
Q

What are the 2 major criteria within digestion that must be controlled?

A

Adaptation to quantity and quality of food.

Synchronicity between different organs within the digestive system.

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18
Q

What dictates the food an animal can eat?

A

The environment that the animal is in.

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19
Q

What are the 2 major functions of the mouth?

A

The mechanical breakdown of food.

The secretion of saliva.

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20
Q

What is the major function of saliva?

A

It lubricates food.

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21
Q

What is the oesophagus?

A

The passageway between the mouth and the stomach.

22
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

Chemical digestion of food.

Liquefaction of food.

23
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

It provides bile salts that help with the digestion of fats.

24
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

It releases major digestive enzymes.

25
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A

It provides enzymes for chemical digestion.

Absorption of nutrients and water.

26
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

Absorption of water.

Faeces formation.

Bacterial fermentation.

27
Q

What is the name of the process by which the dietary macromolecules are broken down?

A

Hydrolysis.

28
Q

What are proteins broken into following hydrolysis?

A

Amino acids.

29
Q

What are carbohydrates broken into following hydrolysis?

A

Monosaccharides.

30
Q

What are fats broken into following hydrolysis?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol.

31
Q

What happens to proteins after they are absorbed by the body?

A

They can be used for energy.

They can be used as structural components within cells.

32
Q

What happens to fats after they are absorbed by the body?

A

They are used as energy or are stored as fat.

33
Q

What happens to monosaccharides after they are absorbed by the body?

A

They are used as energy or are stored as fat.

34
Q

What collective name is given to the products from the breakdown of macromolecules?

A

Micromolecules.

35
Q

What is the general shape of a carnivores stomach and intestine?

A

Small stomach.

Short small intestine.

Short large intestine.

36
Q

What is the general shape of a ruminants stomach and intestine?

A

Large fermentation chamber.

Small true stomach.

Long small intestine.

Short large intestine.

37
Q

What is the general shape of a horses stomach and intestine?

A

Small stomach.

Long small intestine.

Small large intestine.

38
Q

What are the components of a birds stomach?

A

Crop.

Pro-ventriculus.

Gizzard.

Small intestine.

Large intestine.

39
Q

What acts as the teeth and stomach in the bird?

A

The pro-ventriculus and the gizzard.

40
Q

What is the function of the crop in a bird?

A

It is used for storing food.

41
Q

What kind of epithelium is found in the inside of the digestive system?

A

Columnar epithelium.

Except in the mouth and rectum where it is stratified squamous epithelium.

42
Q

What are the 2 plexi that are found in the walls of the digestive system?

A

The myenteric plexus.

The submucosal plexus.

43
Q

What is a plexus?

A

A collection of nerves.

44
Q

What are the layers of the walls of the GI tract?

A

Mucosa.

Submucosa.

Muscularis.

Serosa.

45
Q

What part of the GI tract of ruminants has different layers within the walls?

A

The forestomach.

46
Q

What cells cover the villi of the intestines?

A

Epithelial cells.

47
Q

What is the function of the epithelial cells that cover the villi of the intestines?

A

They are involved in the absorption of nutrients.

48
Q

What is the lifespan of the epithelial cells that cover the villi of the intestines?

A

2-3 days.

49
Q

What controls the release of secretions and the motility of the digestive tract?

A

Sensors within the digestive tract.

50
Q

When will the sensory cells increase or decrease the motility of the GI tract or the amount of secretions that are released into the GI tract?

A

When they detect food entering the GI tract.

51
Q

How do the sensory cells of the GI tract detect food entering the GI tract?

A

Via mechanoreceptors (stretch receptors).

Physiology. Gastrointestinal Physiology. (6 decks)

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