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KNES259 > The Central Nervous System > Flashcards

The Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Afferent neurons

A

-Ascending
-Dendrites in periphery
-Terminal ends in CNS

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2
Q

Efferent neurons

A

-Descending
-Dendrites in CNS
-Terminal ends in periphery

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3
Q

Interneurons

A

-All in CNS
-99% of all neurons
-Quite short

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4
Q

Only autonomic nerves have ________ outside the CNS. What are these called?

A

Synapses
-Ganglion

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5
Q

Glial cells make up _____% of CNS cells and _____ of the volume

A

90%
Half

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6
Q

What do glial cells do?

A

-Support cells
-Physical and metabolic support for the CNS

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7
Q

Glial Cell Types

A

Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells
Oligodendrocytes

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8
Q

Microglia function

A

-Immune cells
-Protect from pathogens

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9
Q

Astrocytes function

A

-Hold neurons in place
-General maintenance of space (ion concentration)
-Metabolic support and repair
-Helps form blood-brain barrier (wraps around cells to create more barrier)

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10
Q

Ependymal cells

A

-Ciliated epithelial membrane lining ventricles
-Secrete cerebrospinal fluid which helps with shock absorption and nutrients for the brain

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11
Q

Where is CSF made? Where does it get stored?

A

-Choroid plexus
-Flows through ventricles into sub-arachnoid space and absorbed by arachnoid villi

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12
Q

What does an EEG measure?

A

-External recording of brain wave patterns
-Summation of APs, EPSPs, and IPSPs

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13
Q

What are the four brain waves? What do they look like?

A

Alpha: lower frequency
Beta: higher frequency
Theta: slightly bigger frequency
Delta: really big amplitude, looks all funky and round

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14
Q

When does each brain wave occur?

A

Alpha: relaxed state (eyes closed)
Beta: alert and concentrating AND REM sleep
Theta: light sleep
Delta: deep sleep

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15
Q

How does the brain alternate between non-REM sleep and REM sleep?

A

-Non-REM: Cycles down through stage 1 to stage 4, then back up to stage 1
-After that, it enters REM sleep.
-When REM is done, it goes back to non-REM

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16
Q

How many times do you cycle between non-REM and REM in a night? How long does each cycle take?

A

4 to 8 times per night
typically 90 minutes

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17
Q

Which brain waves occur during non-REM sleep?

A

Theta and delta waves

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18
Q

Which brain waves occur during REM sleep?

A

Beta waves

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19
Q

What function does non-REM sleep serve?

A

Rest and repair

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20
Q

What function does REM sleep serve?

A

-Dreaming
-Rapid eye movement
-Problem solving
-Reverse learning (getting rid of garbage)
-Elevated breathing and HR

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21
Q

Why does REM sleep get longer throughout the sleep?

A

-As you get your rest and repair done earlier on in the night, you don’t need to go into deep sleep later on
-You end up cycling through 1-2 or 1-3 more often so you can spend more time in REM sleep

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22
Q

What’s another name for non-REM sleep?

A

Slow-wave sleep

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23
Q

What’s another name for REM sleep?

A

Paradoxical sleep

24
Q

Which stage of sleep has the most muscle movement?

A

Non-REM

25
Q

Limbic system

A

-Functional zone
-Emotion, learning, memory
-Contains hippocampus (learning and memory) which inputs to hypothalamus (hormonal control)

26
Q

Short term memory

A

-Limited capacity
-Fast retrieval
-Temporary neural trace (minutes to hours)

27
Q

Long term memory

A

-Huge capacity
-Slower retrieval
-Permanent neural trace (days to years)

28
Q

How to transfer from short term memory to long term memory

A

-Relate to past events and memories
-Emotional response related to memory
-Repetition
-Sleep (reverse learning)
-Exercise and diet

29
Q

Habituation

A

-Decrease response to repeated indifferent stimuli
-Decreased calcium at synapse

30
Q

Sensitization

A

-Increased response to mild stimuli
-More calcium released at synapse
-Emotional response involved

31
Q

Two vital functions of spinal cord

A

-Neuronal link between brain and PNS
-Integrating centre for spinal reflexes

32
Q

Dorsal root

A

-Posterior
-Sensory information

33
Q

Ventral root

A

-Anterior
-Motor information

34
Q

Gray matter

A

-Unmyelinated nerve cell bodies
-Dendrites
-Axon terminals
-Integrating centre

35
Q

White matter

A

-Myelinated axons
-Contains very few cell bodies

36
Q

Monosynaptic

A

-One synapse with motor neuron only
-Spinal reflexes

37
Q

Autonomic reflexes

A

-Occur in gut
-Involves autonomic ganglion
-Uses an extra neuron

38
Q

Proprioceptors

A

-Stretch receptors
-Body positioning
-Golgi tendon organ and muscle spindle
-Located in muscle, joints, and ligaments
-Carries input to CNS

39
Q

Alpha motor neurons

A

Carries input to muscles

40
Q

Name the steps in a stretch reflex

A
  1. Sensory neurons from muscle spindle send message to spinal cord where there is a single synapse with an alpha motor neuron
  2. That tells the motor neuron to contract muscle to get rid of the stretch
41
Q

Name the steps in the patellar tendon (knee jerk) reflex

A
  1. Stimulus at tendon stretches muscle
  2. Muscle spindle stretches and fires
  3. Action potential travels through afferent path on sensory neuron
  4. Sensory neuron synapses in spinal cord
  5. In efferent path 1, the somatic motor neuron tells quadriceps to contract
    In efferent path 2, the interneuron in the spinal cord synapses with sensory neuron. It tells the somatic motor neuron to inhibit the hamstring muscle so that the quad can swing out
42
Q

Golgi tendon organ

A

-Stretch receptor in tendon
-Prevents overstretch (too much contraction) of the tendon.
-Triggers reflex relaxation in muscle by synapsing with an inhibitory neuron
-Causes sudden fail of a muscle

43
Q

Name the steps of the withdrawal pain reflex

A
  1. Triggered by pain receptor
  2. Synapses with motor neurons to flexors (EPSPs) to withdraw
  3. Synapses with motor neurons to extensors (IPSPs) to inhibit

-Occurs simultaneously with Crossed Extensory Reflex

44
Q

Crossed Extensor Reflex

A

-During pain withdrawal reflex
-Causes contraction of extensors on opposite side of body (EPSPs)
-Causes inhibition of flexors on opposite side of body (IPSPs)
-Supports body as weight shifts away from painful stimulus

45
Q

What are the effects of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

-HR and BP increases
-Respiration accelerates
-Vasoconstriction to non-essentials
-Vasodilation to muscle
-Gut activity and secretions decrease
-Kidney function and urine output decrease
-Pupil dilation

46
Q

What are the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

-HR and BP decreases
-Respiration decreases
-No direct effect on blood vessels
-Increased gut activity and secretions
-Increased kidney function and urine output
-Pupil constriction

47
Q

Sympathetic neurons

A

-Short pre-ganglionic neurons
-Long post-ganglionic neurons
-Ach released at ganglion (nicotinic receptors)
-Epi released at effector organ (adrenergic receptors)
-Can release into blood stream from adrenal sympathetic pathway which creates a prolonged response

48
Q

Parasympathetic neurons

A

-Long pre-ganglionic neurons
-Short post-ganglionic neurons
-Ach released at ganglion (nicotinic receptors) AND effector organ (muscurinic receptors)

49
Q

Somatic neurons

A

-One neuron between CNS and skeletal muscle cells
-Ach released at synapse with effector organ
-Nicotinic-cholinergic receptors

50
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors found?

A

-Somatic effector organs
-Sympathetic post-ganglia
-Parasympathetic post-ganglia

51
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors found?

A

Parasympathetic effector organs

52
Q

Can somatic neural transmission lead to inhibition?

A

No only excitation

53
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system innervate?

A

-Smooth and cardiac muscle
-Glands
-GI neurons

54
Q

Which region does the sympathetic nervous system arise from?

A

-Thoracic and lumbar regions

55
Q

Which region does the parasympathetic nervous system arise from?

A

-Cranio-sacral

56
Q

What is the difference between a muscle spindle and a golgi tendon organ?

A

Muscle spindle: triggers stretch reflex which prevents the muscle from being overstretched. They result in the effector muscle being contracted and the antagonist muscle relaxing.

Tendon organ: They sense the amount of tension in a muscle, triggering the effector muscle to be relaxed and the antagonist muscle to contract.

KNES259 (11 decks)

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