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Anatomy 101 > The Central Nervous System > Flashcards

The Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

gyri

A

ridges of outer surface of brain

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2
Q

sulci

A

depressions between gyri

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3
Q

fissures

A

deep sulci

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4
Q

gray matter of brain

A

made of neuron cell bodies, dendrites and unmyelinated axons

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5
Q

cerebral cortex

A

gray matter on the surface of the cerebrum

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6
Q

cerebral nuclei

A

regions of gray matter (clusters of cell bodies) found deep in the cerebrum

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7
Q

white matter

A

myelinated axons

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8
Q

pia mater

A

innermost layer of meninges that stick to the surface of the brain
thin layer of areolar connective tissue

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9
Q

arachnoid mater (arachnoid membrane)

A

lie external to the pia mater
made of webs of collagen and elastic fibers
lies deep to dura mater

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10
Q

Subdural hematoma

A

Subdural space is a potential space to fill with blood if a vein is ruptured

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11
Q

Arachnoid trabeculae

A

extend to the pia mater through subarachnoid space

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12
Q

subarachnoid space

A

contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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13
Q

Dura mater

A

tough outer membrane
made of dense irregular tissue (2 layers)

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14
Q

Meningeal layer

A

deep layer of dura

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15
Q

periosteal layer

A

more superficial layer of dura
forms periosteum on internal surface of cranial bones

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16
Q

dural venous sinuses

A

where meningeal and periosteal layers separate to drain blood from brain

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17
Q

epidural space of brain

A

potential space between the dura and the skull the contains arteries and veins

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18
Q

2 lateral ventricles

A

large cavities in the cerebrum
separated by septum pellucidum

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19
Q

septum pellucidum

A

medial partition separation 2 lateral ventricles

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20
Q

third ventricle

A

narrow space in middle of diencephalon
connected to each lateral ventricle by intraventricular foramen

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21
Q

intraventricular foramen

A

connect each lateral ventricle to the third ventricle

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22
Q

fourth ventricle

A

sickle shaped space between the pons and cerebellum
connected to third ventricle by cerebral aqueduct
opens to subarachnoid space medially and laterally
narrows before merging with central canal of spinal cord

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23
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

clear, colorless liquid that surrounds the CNS
circulate in ventricles and subarachnoid space
provide buoyancy, reducing brains apparent weight by 95%
protect the CNS by providing a liquid cushion
keep CNS environment stable (helps transport nutrients and wastes, protects against chemical fluctuations)

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24
Q

choroid plexus

A

form CSF
specialized tissue in each ventricle
layer of ependymal cells and blood capillaries

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25
CSF formation
blood plasma filtered through capillary and modified by ependymal cells ependymal cell secretions and interstitial fluid from the subarachnoid space help make it up
26
CSF circulation
continuously formed and reabsorbed begins in choroid plexus of ventricles flows from lateral ventricles into third from third ventricle to fourth passed through apertures, it flows in subarachnoid space and down into central canal of spinal cord excess CSF flows into arachnoid villi and drains into dural venous sinuses
27
arachnoid villi
where excess CSF flows into, draining into dural venous sinuses
28
cerebrum
2 large hemispheres of brain origin of all complex intellectual functions center of intelligence and reasoning; thought, memory, judgement, voluntary motor control and special sense interpretation
29
longitudinal fissure
deep cleft separating hemispheres
30
corpus callosum
largest white matter tract providing connection between hemispheres
31
left hemisphere receives sensory signal from
the right side of the body and sends motor signals to the right
32
the right hemispheres receives sensory signals from
the left side of the body and sends motor signals to the left
33
how many lobes in each hemisphere?
5 (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insular)
34
frontal lobe
anterior part of cerebellum posterior border is deep central sulcus precentral gyrus controls voluntary movement motor control, concentration, verbal communication, decision making, planning, personality
35
parietal lobe
serves general sensory functions evaluating shape and texture of objects
36
temporal lobe
located inferior to lateral sulcus functions include hearing and smell
37
occipital lobe
functions in vision and visual memories
38
insular lobe (insula)
small lobe that can be observed by pulling away temporal lobe functions in memory and sense of taste
39
where are motor areas housed?
frontal lobe
40
primary motor cortex (somatic motor area)
located in precentral gyrus control skeletal muscle activity on opposite side of body
41
motor homunculus
controlled body regions map distorted proportions of the body reflect amount of motor cortex dedicated to each part hands are large on homunculus bc large area of brain controls precise movements
42
motor speech area
located in inferolateral portion of left frontal lobe controls movements for vocalization
43
frontal eye field
superior surface of middle frontal gyrus regulates eye movements needed for reading and binocular vision
44
premotor cortex (somatic motor association area)
located anterior to primary motor cortex coordinates learned. skilled activities
45
primary somatosensory cortex
located in postcentral gyrus of parietal lobes receives somatic sensory info from touch, pressure, pain, temperature, proprioceptors
46
sensory homunculus
areas of body sending input mapped large regions for lips, fingers and genitals
47
somatosensory association area
immediately posterior to postcentral gyrus (parietal lobe) integrates touch info, letting us identify objects by feel
48
primary visual cortex
located in occipital lobe
49
visual association area
surrounds primary visual cortex integrates color, form, memory to allow us to identify things we see (faces)
50
primary auditory cortex
located in temporal lobe
51
auditory association area
located in temporal lobe interpret sound; stores/retrieves memories of sounds
52
primary olfactory cortex
located in temporal lobe provides conscious awareness of smells no association area-individual experiences
53
primary gustatory cortex
located in insula involved in processing taste info no distinct association area
54
prefrontal cortex
located closer to front of head (rostral) to premotor cortex in frontal lobe complex thought, judgement, personality, planning and deciding still developing in adolescence
55
Wernicke area
typically located in left hemisphere of temporal lobe involved in language comprehension
56
gnostic are (common integrative area)
integrates info from variety of sensory association areas sights, smells, sounds converge and brain becomes aware of situation (lunch time)
57
association tracts
connect regions of cerebral cortex within same hemisphere
58
arcuate fibers
short tracts connecting neighboring gyri
59
longitudinal fasciculi
longer tracts connecting gyri in different lobes
60
commissures
connect regions in different hemispheres from right to left includes corpus callosum, anterior and posterior commissure
61
projection tracts
link cerebral cortex to inferior brain regions and spinal cord corticospinal tracts carry signal from cerebral cortex to spinal cord
62
internal capsule
when the projection tract passes between the thalamus and cerebral nuclei
63
cerebral lateralization (hemisphere specialization)
2 sides of cerebrum exhibit differences in higher order functions develops in early childhood (5-6 years) correlated with handedness (right handed, left hemisphere is categorical, speech dominant)
64
categorical hemisphere
usually left hemisphere specialized for language abilities, functions in categorization and analysis contains Wernicke's area and motor speech area
65
representational hemisphere
usually right hemisphere concerned with visuospatial relationships, imagination, comparison of senses
66
diencephalon
includes epithalamus, thalamus and hypothalamus provides relays and switching centers for sensory, motor, visceral pathways
67
epithalamus
forms posterior part of roof of diencephalon covers third ventricle
68
pineal gland
endocrine gland secreting melatonin helps regulate day-night cycles (circadian rhythm)
69
thalamus
oval masses of gray matter on lateral sides of third ventricle composed of about a dozen thalamic nuclei receives signals from all conscious areas
70
thalamic nuclei
axons from a given nucleus project to a particular region of cortex
71
hypothalamus
anteroinferior region of diencephalon
72
infundibulum
stalk of pituitary that extends from hypothalamus
73
functions of hypothalamus
controls autonomic nervous system (heart rate, blood pressure) controls endocrine system (secretes hormones that control normal activities in anterior pituitary gland, produce ADH and oxytocin) regulated body temp emotional behavior (part of limbic system that controls emotional responses) food intake water intake sleep-wake rhythms
74
brainstem connects
cerebrum, diencephalon and cerebellum to spinal cord
75
the brainstem contains tracts and tracts
ascending descending
76
the brainstem contains , nuclei of , and
nuclei cranial nerves reflex centers
77
the brainstem is made up of the
midbrain (highest) pons (middle) and medulla oblongata (lowest)
78
functions of midbrain
several tracts and bands of axons carry impulses to and from other portions of CNS reticular formation-alertness cerebral peduncles-motor tracts
79
components of midbrain
cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Sylvius) that connects third and fourth ventricles houses nuclei of CN III (oculomotor) and IV (trochlear) tectum (posterior part of midbrain) contains 4 mounds making a tectal plate (corpora quadrigemmina)
80
Corpora quadrigemmina (Tectal plate)
pair of superior colliculi that control visual reflexes and tracking pair of inferior colliculi that control auditory reflexes
81
Pons
bulging region on anterior brainstem includes sensory and motor tracts connecting brain to spinal cord cranial nerve nuclei (sensory and motor) nuclei for CN V to CN VIII: trigeminal, abducens, facial, and vestibulocochlear nerves
82
medulla oblongata
medulla: inferior portion of brainstem continuous with spinal cord inferiorly includes sensory and motor tracts connecting brain to spinal cord
83
autonomic nuclei of medulla
cardiac center, vasomotor center and medullary respiratory center
84
cardiac center
regulates heart output
85
vasomotor center
regulates blood vessel diameter strong influence on blood pressure
86
medullary respiratory center
controls respiratory rate communicates with pontine respiratory center
87
cranial nerve nuclei of medulla
nuclei for vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal nerves
88
cerebellum
second largest brain area (after cerebrum) cerebellar cortex: convoluted surface with folia left and right cerebellar hemispheres vermis arbor vitae
89
folia
folds in cerebellar cortex
90
vermis
narrow band of cortex between left and right lobes of cerebellum receives sensory signals regarding torso position and balance
91
arbor vitae
internal region of white matter in cerebellum
92
three thick nerve tracts connecting cerebellum to brainstem are
superior cerebellar peduncles middle cerebellar peduncles inferior cerebellar peduncles
93
superior cerebellar peduncles
connect cerebellum to midbrain
94
middle cerebellar peduncles
connect cerebellum to pons
95
inferior cerebellar peduncles
connect cerebellum to medulla oblongata
96
functions of cerebellum
coordinates and "fine tunes" movements ensures muscle activity follows correct pattern adjusts movements initiated by cerebrum, ensuring smoothness helps maintain equilibrium and posture receives proprioceptive information from muscles and joints
97
spinal cord
extends inferiorly from brains medulla through vertebral canal ends at L1 vertebrae with conus medullaris 2 widened regions with greater number of neurons (cervical and lumbosacral enlargements)
98
conus medullaris
terminal end of spinal cord
99
cervical enlargement
contains neurons innervating upper limbs
100
lumbosacral enlargement
contains neurons innervating lower limbs
101
spinal cord regions top to bottom
cervical part (8 pairs of cervical spinal nerves) thoracic part (12 pairs of thoracic spinal nerves) lumbar part (5 pairs of lumbar spinal nerves sacral part (5 pairs of sacral spinal nerves) coccygeal part (1 pair of coccygeal spinal nerves)
102
cauda equina
roots from parts L2 and below extending inferiorly
103
filum terminale
thin strand of pia attaching conus medullaris to coccyx
104
anterior median fissure
groove on front of spinal cord
105
posterior median fissure
groove on back of spinal cord
106
subdural space of spinal cord
between dura and arachnoid
107
epidural space of spinal cord
between dura and vertebrae houses adipose, areolar connective tissue, blood vessels
108
gray matter of spinal cord
made of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, and glial cells
109
anterior horns
house cell bodies of somatic motor neurons
110
lateral horns
house cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons only present in T1-L2
111
posterior horns
house axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons
112
gray commissure
horizontal band of gray matter surrpunding the central canal contains unmyelinated axons connecting left and right gray matter
113
nuclei
groups of cell bodies
114
sensory nuclei
in posterior horn, contain interneurons
115
somatic sensory nuclei
receive signals from skin, muscle, joints
116
visceral sensory nuclei
receive signals from blood vessels, viscera
117
motor nuclei
in anterior and lateral horns contain motor neurons
118
somatic motor nuclei
anterior innervate skeletal muscle
119
autonomic motor nuclei
lateral innervates smooth muscle, heart, glands

Anatomy 101 (10 decks)

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