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Anatomy 101 > The Central Nervous System > Flashcards

The Central Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

gyri

A

ridges of outer surface of brain

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2
Q

sulci

A

depressions between gyri

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3
Q

fissures

A

deep sulci

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4
Q

gray matter of brain

A

made of neuron cell bodies, dendrites and unmyelinated axons

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5
Q

cerebral cortex

A

gray matter on the surface of the cerebrum

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6
Q

cerebral nuclei

A

regions of gray matter (clusters of cell bodies) found deep in the cerebrum

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7
Q

white matter

A

myelinated axons

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8
Q

pia mater

A

innermost layer of meninges that stick to the surface of the brain
thin layer of areolar connective tissue

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9
Q

arachnoid mater (arachnoid membrane)

A

lie external to the pia mater
made of webs of collagen and elastic fibers
lies deep to dura mater

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10
Q

Subdural hematoma

A

Subdural space is a potential space to fill with blood if a vein is ruptured

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11
Q

Arachnoid trabeculae

A

extend to the pia mater through subarachnoid space

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12
Q

subarachnoid space

A

contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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13
Q

Dura mater

A

tough outer membrane
made of dense irregular tissue (2 layers)

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14
Q

Meningeal layer

A

deep layer of dura

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15
Q

periosteal layer

A

more superficial layer of dura
forms periosteum on internal surface of cranial bones

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16
Q

dural venous sinuses

A

where meningeal and periosteal layers separate to drain blood from brain

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17
Q

epidural space of brain

A

potential space between the dura and the skull the contains arteries and veins

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18
Q

2 lateral ventricles

A

large cavities in the cerebrum
separated by septum pellucidum

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19
Q

septum pellucidum

A

medial partition separation 2 lateral ventricles

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20
Q

third ventricle

A

narrow space in middle of diencephalon
connected to each lateral ventricle by intraventricular foramen

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21
Q

intraventricular foramen

A

connect each lateral ventricle to the third ventricle

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22
Q

fourth ventricle

A

sickle shaped space between the pons and cerebellum
connected to third ventricle by cerebral aqueduct
opens to subarachnoid space medially and laterally
narrows before merging with central canal of spinal cord

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23
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

clear, colorless liquid that surrounds the CNS
circulate in ventricles and subarachnoid space
provide buoyancy, reducing brains apparent weight by 95%
protect the CNS by providing a liquid cushion
keep CNS environment stable (helps transport nutrients and wastes, protects against chemical fluctuations)

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24
Q

choroid plexus

A

form CSF
specialized tissue in each ventricle
layer of ependymal cells and blood capillaries

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25
Q

CSF formation

A

blood plasma filtered through capillary and modified by ependymal cells
ependymal cell secretions and interstitial fluid from the subarachnoid space help make it up

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26
Q

CSF circulation

A

continuously formed and reabsorbed
begins in choroid plexus of ventricles
flows from lateral ventricles into third
from third ventricle to fourth
passed through apertures, it flows in subarachnoid space and down into central canal of spinal cord
excess CSF flows into arachnoid villi and drains into dural venous sinuses

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27
Q

arachnoid villi

A

where excess CSF flows into, draining into dural venous sinuses

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28
Q

cerebrum

A

2 large hemispheres of brain
origin of all complex intellectual functions
center of intelligence and reasoning; thought, memory, judgement, voluntary motor control and special sense interpretation

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29
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

deep cleft separating hemispheres

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30
Q

corpus callosum

A

largest white matter tract providing connection between hemispheres

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31
Q

left hemisphere receives sensory signal from

A

the right side of the body and sends motor signals to the right

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32
Q

the right hemispheres receives sensory signals from

A

the left side of the body and sends motor signals to the left

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33
Q

how many lobes in each hemisphere?

A

5 (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insular)

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34
Q

frontal lobe

A

anterior part of cerebellum
posterior border is deep central sulcus
precentral gyrus controls voluntary movement
motor control, concentration, verbal communication, decision making, planning, personality

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35
Q

parietal lobe

A

serves general sensory functions
evaluating shape and texture of objects

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36
Q

temporal lobe

A

located inferior to lateral sulcus
functions include hearing and smell

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37
Q

occipital lobe

A

functions in vision and visual memories

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38
Q

insular lobe (insula)

A

small lobe that can be observed by pulling away temporal lobe
functions in memory and sense of taste

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39
Q

where are motor areas housed?

A

frontal lobe

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40
Q

primary motor cortex (somatic motor area)

A

located in precentral gyrus
control skeletal muscle activity on opposite side of body

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41
Q

motor homunculus

A

controlled body regions map
distorted proportions of the body reflect amount of motor cortex dedicated to each part
hands are large on homunculus bc large area of brain controls precise movements

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42
Q

motor speech area

A

located in inferolateral portion of left frontal lobe
controls movements for vocalization

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43
Q

frontal eye field

A

superior surface of middle frontal gyrus
regulates eye movements needed for reading and binocular vision

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44
Q

premotor cortex (somatic motor association area)

A

located anterior to primary motor cortex
coordinates learned. skilled activities

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45
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

located in postcentral gyrus of parietal lobes
receives somatic sensory info from touch, pressure, pain, temperature, proprioceptors

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46
Q

sensory homunculus

A

areas of body sending input mapped
large regions for lips, fingers and genitals

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47
Q

somatosensory association area

A

immediately posterior to postcentral gyrus (parietal lobe)
integrates touch info, letting us identify objects by feel

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48
Q

primary visual cortex

A

located in occipital lobe

49
Q

visual association area

A

surrounds primary visual cortex
integrates color, form, memory to allow us to identify things we see (faces)

50
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

located in temporal lobe

51
Q

auditory association area

A

located in temporal lobe
interpret sound; stores/retrieves memories of sounds

52
Q

primary olfactory cortex

A

located in temporal lobe
provides conscious awareness of smells
no association area-individual experiences

53
Q

primary gustatory cortex

A

located in insula
involved in processing taste info
no distinct association area

54
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

located closer to front of head (rostral) to premotor cortex in frontal lobe
complex thought, judgement, personality, planning and deciding
still developing in adolescence

55
Q

Wernicke area

A

typically located in left hemisphere of temporal lobe
involved in language comprehension

56
Q

gnostic are (common integrative area)

A

integrates info from variety of sensory association areas
sights, smells, sounds converge and brain becomes aware of situation (lunch time)

57
Q

association tracts

A

connect regions of cerebral cortex within same hemisphere

58
Q

arcuate fibers

A

short tracts connecting neighboring gyri

59
Q

longitudinal fasciculi

A

longer tracts connecting gyri in different lobes

60
Q

commissures

A

connect regions in different hemispheres from right to left
includes corpus callosum, anterior and posterior commissure

61
Q

projection tracts

A

link cerebral cortex to inferior brain regions and spinal cord
corticospinal tracts carry signal from cerebral cortex to spinal cord

62
Q

internal capsule

A

when the projection tract passes between the thalamus and cerebral nuclei

63
Q

cerebral lateralization (hemisphere specialization)

A

2 sides of cerebrum exhibit differences in higher order functions
develops in early childhood (5-6 years)
correlated with handedness (right handed, left hemisphere is categorical, speech dominant)

64
Q

categorical hemisphere

A

usually left hemisphere
specialized for language abilities, functions in categorization and analysis
contains Wernicke’s area and motor speech area

65
Q

representational hemisphere

A

usually right hemisphere
concerned with visuospatial relationships, imagination, comparison of senses

66
Q

diencephalon

A

includes epithalamus, thalamus and hypothalamus
provides relays and switching centers for sensory, motor, visceral pathways

67
Q

epithalamus

A

forms posterior part of roof of diencephalon
covers third ventricle

68
Q

pineal gland

A

endocrine gland secreting melatonin
helps regulate day-night cycles (circadian rhythm)

69
Q

thalamus

A

oval masses of gray matter on lateral sides of third ventricle
composed of about a dozen thalamic nuclei
receives signals from all conscious areas

70
Q

thalamic nuclei

A

axons from a given nucleus project to a particular region of cortex

71
Q

hypothalamus

A

anteroinferior region of diencephalon

72
Q

infundibulum

A

stalk of pituitary that extends from hypothalamus

73
Q

functions of hypothalamus

A

controls autonomic nervous system (heart rate, blood pressure)
controls endocrine system (secretes hormones that control normal activities in anterior pituitary gland, produce ADH and oxytocin)
regulated body temp
emotional behavior (part of limbic system that controls emotional responses)
food intake
water intake
sleep-wake rhythms

74
Q

brainstem connects

A

cerebrum, diencephalon and cerebellum to spinal cord

75
Q

the brainstem contains tracts and tracts

A

ascending
descending

76
Q

the brainstem contains , nuclei of , and

A

nuclei
cranial nerves
reflex centers

77
Q

the brainstem is made up of the

A

midbrain (highest) pons (middle) and medulla oblongata (lowest)

78
Q

functions of midbrain

A

several tracts and bands of axons carry impulses to and from other portions of CNS
reticular formation-alertness
cerebral peduncles-motor tracts

79
Q

components of midbrain

A

cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Sylvius) that connects third and fourth ventricles
houses nuclei of CN III (oculomotor) and IV (trochlear)
tectum (posterior part of midbrain)
contains 4 mounds making a tectal plate (corpora quadrigemmina)

80
Q

Corpora quadrigemmina (Tectal plate)

A

pair of superior colliculi that control visual reflexes and tracking
pair of inferior colliculi that control auditory reflexes

81
Q

Pons

A

bulging region on anterior brainstem
includes sensory and motor tracts connecting brain to spinal cord
cranial nerve nuclei (sensory and motor) nuclei for CN V to CN VIII: trigeminal, abducens, facial, and vestibulocochlear nerves

82
Q

medulla oblongata

A

medulla: inferior portion of brainstem
continuous with spinal cord inferiorly
includes sensory and motor tracts connecting brain to spinal cord

83
Q

autonomic nuclei of medulla

A

cardiac center, vasomotor center and medullary respiratory center

84
Q

cardiac center

A

regulates heart output

85
Q

vasomotor center

A

regulates blood vessel diameter
strong influence on blood pressure

86
Q

medullary respiratory center

A

controls respiratory rate
communicates with pontine respiratory center

87
Q

cranial nerve nuclei of medulla

A

nuclei for vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal nerves

88
Q

cerebellum

A

second largest brain area (after cerebrum)
cerebellar cortex: convoluted surface with folia
left and right cerebellar hemispheres
vermis
arbor vitae

89
Q

folia

A

folds in cerebellar cortex

90
Q

vermis

A

narrow band of cortex between left and right lobes of cerebellum
receives sensory signals regarding torso position and balance

91
Q

arbor vitae

A

internal region of white matter in cerebellum

92
Q

three thick nerve tracts connecting cerebellum to brainstem are

A

superior cerebellar peduncles
middle cerebellar peduncles
inferior cerebellar peduncles

93
Q

superior cerebellar peduncles

A

connect cerebellum to midbrain

94
Q

middle cerebellar peduncles

A

connect cerebellum to pons

95
Q

inferior cerebellar peduncles

A

connect cerebellum to medulla oblongata

96
Q

functions of cerebellum

A

coordinates and “fine tunes” movements
ensures muscle activity follows correct pattern
adjusts movements initiated by cerebrum, ensuring smoothness
helps maintain equilibrium and posture
receives proprioceptive information from muscles and joints

97
Q

spinal cord

A

extends inferiorly from brains medulla through vertebral canal
ends at L1 vertebrae with conus medullaris
2 widened regions with greater number of neurons (cervical and lumbosacral enlargements)

98
Q

conus medullaris

A

terminal end of spinal cord

99
Q

cervical enlargement

A

contains neurons innervating upper limbs

100
Q

lumbosacral enlargement

A

contains neurons innervating lower limbs

101
Q

spinal cord regions top to bottom

A

cervical part (8 pairs of cervical spinal nerves)
thoracic part (12 pairs of thoracic spinal nerves)
lumbar part (5 pairs of lumbar spinal nerves
sacral part (5 pairs of sacral spinal nerves)
coccygeal part (1 pair of coccygeal spinal nerves)

102
Q

cauda equina

A

roots from parts L2 and below extending inferiorly

103
Q

filum terminale

A

thin strand of pia attaching conus medullaris to coccyx

104
Q

anterior median fissure

A

groove on front of spinal cord

105
Q

posterior median fissure

A

groove on back of spinal cord

106
Q

subdural space of spinal cord

A

between dura and arachnoid

107
Q

epidural space of spinal cord

A

between dura and vertebrae
houses adipose, areolar connective tissue, blood vessels

108
Q

gray matter of spinal cord

A

made of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, and glial cells

109
Q

anterior horns

A

house cell bodies of somatic motor neurons

110
Q

lateral horns

A

house cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons
only present in T1-L2

111
Q

posterior horns

A

house axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons

112
Q

gray commissure

A

horizontal band of gray matter surrpunding the central canal
contains unmyelinated axons connecting left and right gray matter

113
Q

nuclei

A

groups of cell bodies

114
Q

sensory nuclei

A

in posterior horn, contain interneurons

115
Q

somatic sensory nuclei

A

receive signals from skin, muscle, joints

116
Q

visceral sensory nuclei

A

receive signals from blood vessels, viscera

117
Q

motor nuclei

A

in anterior and lateral horns contain motor neurons

118
Q

somatic motor nuclei

A

anterior
innervate skeletal muscle

119
Q

autonomic motor nuclei

A

lateral
innervates smooth muscle, heart, glands

Anatomy 101 (10 decks)

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