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Anatomy 101 > Lab: Nervous System > Flashcards

Lab: Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

Cranial Nerve I

A

Name: Olfactory Nerve (Bulb)
Function: Smell
SMB: Sensory

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2
Q

Cranial Nerve II

A

Name: Optic nerve (chiasm)
Function: Vision
SMB: Sensory

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3
Q

Cranial Nerve III

A

Name: Occulomotor Nerve
Function: Move eyeball, lift eyelid, change pupil diameter
SMB: Motor

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4
Q

Cranial Nerve IV

A

Name: Trochlear nerve
Function: controls superior oblique eye muscle
SMB: Motor

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5
Q

Cranial Nerve V

A

Name: Trigeminal nerve
Function: facial sensation, mastication
SMB: Both

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6
Q

Cranial Nerve VI

A

Name: Abducens
Function: abducts eye (lateral rectus)
SMB: Motor

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7
Q

Cranial nerve VII

A

Name: Facial nerve
Function: taste, facial expressions, innervates lacrimal and salivary glands
SMB: Both

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8
Q

Cranial neve VIII

A

Name: Vestibulocochlear nerve
Function: Equilibrium, hearing
SMB: Sensory

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9
Q

Cranial nerve IX

A

Name: Glossopharyngeal nerve
Function: taste/touch from tongue, swallowing
SMB: Both

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10
Q

Cranial nerve X

A

Name: Vagus nerve
Function: pharynx/larynx movement, taste, visceral sensation
SMB: Both

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11
Q

Cranial nerve XI

A

Name: Accessory nerve
Function: innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
SMB: Motor

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12
Q

Cranial nerve XII

A

Name: Hypoglossal nerve
Function: moves tongue
SMB: Motor

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13
Q

Types of tactile receptors

A

free nerve endings, root hair plexus, tactile (Merkel) disc, end bulb, lamellated corpuscle, bulbous corpuscle, tactile corpuscle

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14
Q

Free nerve ending

A

Structure: dendrites of sensory neurons
Location: Closest to skin surface, mucus membranes
Function: Temp, pain, light touch, pressure detection
Rate of adaptation: Phasic or tonic

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15
Q

Root hair plexus

A

Structure: dendrites of sensory neurons around hair follicles
Location: Reticular layer of dermis
Function: detects hair movement
Rate of adaptation: phasic

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16
Q

Tactile (Merkel) Disc

A

Structure: Flattened dendrites of sensory neurons ending next to merkel (tactile) cell
Location: stratum basale of epidermis
Function: detect light touch
Rate of adaptation: tonic

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17
Q

End bulb

A

Structure: dendrites of sensory neurons ensheathed in connective tissue
Location: dermis, mucus membranes
Function: Detect light pressure and low frequency vibration
Rate of adaptation: Tonic

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18
Q

Lamellated corpuscles

A

Structure: Dendrites of sensory neurons ensheathed with inner core of neurolemmocytes and outer concentric layers of connective tissue
Location: Reticular layer of dermis, hypodermis of palms/soles, breasts, external genitalia, walls of some organs
Function: Coarse touch: continuous, deep pressure and high frequency vibration
rate of adaptation: phasic

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19
Q

bulbous corpuscle

A

Structure: dendrites of sensory neurons within connective tissue
Location: Dermis and subQ layer
Function: detect continuous deep pressure and skin distortion
Rate of adaptation: Tonic

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20
Q

Tactile corpuscle

A

Structure: intertwined dendrites of sensory neurons enclosed by modified neurolemmocytes and dense irregular connective tissue
Location: dermal papillae, especially in lips, palms, eyelids, nipples, and genitals
Function: discriminative touch for distinguishing texture, shape; light touch
Rate of adaptation: Phasic

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21
Q

photoreceptors

A

used to detect light, color and movements

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22
Q

diameter of eye

A

about 2.5 cm

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23
Q

how much of the eyes surface is visible?

A

anterior 1/6

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24
Q

fibrous tunic

A

sclera
cornea

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25
Q

sclera

A

“white” of eye
provides shape
protects internal parts
attaches extrinsic eye muscles

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26
Q

cornea

A

convex, transparent structure forming anterior 1/6 of tunic
convex shape refracts light rays coming into eye

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27
Q

vascular tunic

A

choroid
ciliary body
iris
pupil

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28
Q

Choroid

A

highly vascular, dark pigmented membrane
prevents scattering of light rays in eye as pigmented layer absorbs them

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29
Q

ciliary body

A

composed of ciliary muscles and ciliary processes

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30
Q

iris

A

visible colored part of eye attached to ciliary body
2 layers of pigment-forming cells
vascular and nervous structures

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31
Q

pupil

A

round, central opening allowing light to enter
controls amount of light entering eye

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32
Q

retina

A

deepest tunic composed of 2 layers
pigmented layer
neural layer

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33
Q

pigmented layer

A

outer single layer of melanocytes
functions like choroid to absorb light and prevent it from scattering in eye

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34
Q

neural layer

A

innter sheet of nervous tissue containing 3 main types of neurons
houses photoreceptors and associated neurons
responsible for absorbing light rays
converts into nerve signals transmitted into brain

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35
Q

ora serrata

A

edge of retina

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36
Q

the lens

A

thick, transparent, biconvex disc changing shape to allow precise focusing of light on the retina
composed of precisely arranged layers of cells with no organelles filled completely with crystallin protein
focuses incoming light onto retina
suspensory ligaments and ciliary muscles help change shape to view objects near and far-accommodationn

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37
Q

posterior cavity

A

posterior to elns and anterior to retina
occupied by vitreous humor
helps maintain eye shape, support retina
transmits light from lens to retina

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38
Q

vitreous humor

A

transparent, gelatinous fluid present between lens and retina

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39
Q

anterior cavity

A

anterior to lens and posterior to cornea
divided into anterior chamber and posterior chamber

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40
Q

anterior chamber

A

between iris and cornea

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41
Q

posterior chamber

A

between lens and iris

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42
Q

outer ear function

A

hearing

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43
Q

middle ear function

A

hearing

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44
Q

inner ear function

A

hearing and equilibrium

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45
Q

the auricle (pinna)

A

surrounds opening of external acoustic meatus, consists of elastic cartilage covered with skin
gathers and funnels to sound waves to amplify them into the external acoustic meatus

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46
Q

external acoustic meatus

A

short tube running medially from auricle to eardrum
lined with skin containing hairs, sebaceous glands, and ceruminous glands

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47
Q

tympanic membrane

A

forms boundary btwn external and middle ear
lined by thin mucus membrane

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48
Q

tympanic cavity

A

AKA middle ear
small air-filled space inside petrous portion of temporal bone

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49
Q

medial wall

A

separates the middle ear from the outer ear

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50
Q

oval window

A

superior small hole penetrating medial wall

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51
Q

round window

A

inferior small hole penetrating medial wall

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52
Q

pharyngotympanic tube (auditory/eustachian tube)

A

links middle ear and pharynx

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53
Q

auditory ossicles

A

smallest bones in body that transmit vibrations of eardrum across cavity to fluid in inner ear

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54
Q

malleus (hammer)

A

most lateral ossicle
attaches to the eardrum

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55
Q

incus (anvil)

A

middle ossicle
btwn malleus and stapes

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56
Q

stapes (stirrup)

A

most medial ossicle
vibrates against oval window

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57
Q

inner ear (labyrinth)

A

lies in petrous portion of temporal bone
2 main divisions (bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth)

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58
Q

bony labyrinth

A

cavity consisting of system of twisting channels 3 three parts
semicircular canals, vestibule and cochlea

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59
Q

membranous labyrinth

A

series of membrane-walled sacs and ducts that fit loosely in bony labyrinth
consists of three main parts
semicircular ducts, utricle + saccule, and cochlear duct

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60
Q

endolymph

A

clear fluid that fills membranous labyrinth that is confined to the membranous labyrinth

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61
Q

perilymph

A

continuous with cerebrospinal fluid that fills the subarachnoid space and fills the bony labyrinth

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62
Q

vestibule

A

central cavity of bony labyrinth
lies medial to middle ear and oval window in lateral wall

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63
Q

utricle and saccule

A

egg shaped parts of membranous labyrinth
utricle is continuous with the semicircular ducts
saccule is continuous with cochlear duct
houses macula

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64
Q

macula

A

a spot of sensory epithelium

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65
Q

semicircular canals

A

lie posterior and lateral to vestibule

66
Q

anterior and posterior semicircular canals

A

lie in vertical plane at right angles

67
Q

lateral semicircular canal

A

lies in the horizontal plane

68
Q

semicircular duct

A

snakes through each semicircular canals

69
Q

cochlea

A

spiraling chamber in the bony labyrinth
coils around modiolus from attachment to vestibule at the base

70
Q

modiolus

A

pillar of bone cochlea coils around

71
Q

cochlear duct

A

coils part of membranous labyrinth in cochlear
location of sensory receptors for hearing

72
Q

2 categories of endocrine organs

A

pure endocrine organs
organs containing endocrine cells

73
Q

pure endocrine organs

A

pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands

74
Q

organs containing endocrine cells

A

pancreas, thymus, gonads, and the hypothalamus

75
Q

functions of endocrine system

A

maintain homeostasis
control development of reproductive organs
regulating development, growth and metabolism
controlling digestive processes

76
Q

function of hypothalamus

A

receives input from limbic system, cerebral cortex, and thalamus

77
Q

infundibulum

A

connects hypothalamus and pituitary

78
Q

breakdown of synthesizing hormones of hypothalamus

A

5 releasing hormones
2 inhibiting hormones that target anterior pituitary
2 hormones made by hypothalamus and stored in and released through posterior pituitary

79
Q

pituitary gland secretes

A

7 hormones

80
Q

2 basic divisions of pituitary gland

A

adenohypophysis
neurohypophysis
each has 3 sub divisions

81
Q

adenohypophysis

A

anterior glandular hypophysis made up of glandular tissue

82
Q

neurohypophysis

A

posterior neural hypophysis composed of neural tissue

83
Q

3 divisions of adenohypophysis

A

pars distalis (anterior lobe)
pars intermedia
pars tuberalis

84
Q

3 divisions of neurohypophysis

A

pars nervosa (posterior lobe)
infundibular stalk
median eminence

85
Q

the adenohypophysis contains

A

5 different types of endocrine cells that make and release 7 different hormones

86
Q

somatotropic cells make and release

A

growth hormone (GH)

87
Q

mammotropic cells make and release

A

prolactin (PRL)

88
Q

thyrotropic cells make and release

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

89
Q

corticotropic cells make and release

A

adrenocortico-tropic hormone (ACTH) and melanocyte-stimulation hormone (MSH)

90
Q

Gonadotropic cells make and release

A

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

91
Q

the neurohypophysis consists of nervous tissue with

A

unmyelinated axons and neuroglia

92
Q

the neurohypophysis does not make

A

hormones

93
Q

the neurohypophysis only

A

stores and releases hormones produced in the hypothalamus

94
Q

the neurohypophysis releases 2 peptide hormones

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/Vasopressin
Oxytocin

95
Q

thyroid gland

A

largest pure endocrine gland
butterfly shaped located in anterior neck on trachea inferior to larynx
2 lateral lobes, connected by isthmus

96
Q

isthmus

A

median bridge connecting lobes of thyroid

97
Q

the thyroid gland produces

A

thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)-follicular cells
calcitonin-parafollicular cells

98
Q

functions of thyroid hormone

A

increase basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Stimulate production of additional Na+/K+ ATPase pumps
Stimulate protein synthesis
increases use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production
Increase lipolysis
Increase cholesterol excretion
Enhance actions of catecholamines (Norepinephrine and Epinephrine)
Accelerate body growth

99
Q

The parathyroid contains 2 types of endocrine cells

A

chief cells
oxyphil cells

100
Q

chief cells function

A

produce small protein hormone called parathyroid hormone (PTH)

101
Q

Oxyphil cells function

A

unknown

102
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin maintain

A

calcium homeostasis in the blood

103
Q

PTH and calcitonin have effects

A

antagonistic

104
Q

Adrenal (suprarenal) glands

A

paired adrenal glands are crescent/pyramid shaped organs on superior kidneys
Nerve supply is almost exclusively sympathetic fibers to adrenal medulla

105
Q

each adrenal gland has 2 endocrine glands in 1

A

adrenal medulla
adrenal cortex

106
Q

adrenal medulla

A

cluster or neurons located centrally in adrenal gland
part of autonomic nervous system
spherical chromaffin cells secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine

107
Q

adrenal cortex

A

bulk of the adrenal gland
secretes variety of lipid based steroid hormones
cortex is composed of 3 zones

108
Q

chromaffin cells

A

spherical, modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine
in adrenal medulla, arranged in spherical clusters with some branching cords

109
Q

3 zones of adrenal cortex external to internal

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

110
Q

pineal gland

A

small, pine cone shaped glans at end of short stalk on the roof of the diencephalon

111
Q

pinealocytes

A

star shaped cells with long, branching processes
secrete melatonin

112
Q

pineal sand

A

in adults, dense particles of calcium in btwn the cell clusters
radiopaque

113
Q

Pancreas

A

posterior wall of abdominal cavity
contains both endocrine and exocrine cells

114
Q

acinar cells

A

exocrine cells in the pancreas that form most of the gland
secrete digestive enzymes into small intestine during food digestion

115
Q

pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)

A

spherical bodies of endocrine cells
1M islets scattered throughout pancreas

116
Q

alpha cells (a cells)

A

secrete glucagon

117
Q

glucagon

A

produced by-ALPHA CELLS IN PANCREAS
target organs-LIVER
biological action-MAKE GLUCOSE FROM GLYCOGEN

118
Q

beta cells (B cells)

A

secrete insulin

119
Q

insulin

A

produced by-BETA CELLS IN PANCREAS
target organs-LIVER, ADPIOSE TISSUE
biological action-TAKE GLUCOSE OUT OF BLOOD AND STORE IT AS GLYCOGEN

120
Q

pancreatic islets (islets of langerhans) contain 2 rare cell types

A

Delta (D) cells
F (PP) Cells

121
Q

Delta (D) Cells

A

secrete somatostatin

122
Q

somatostatin

A

produced by-DELTA CELLS IN PANCREAS
target organs-LIVER
biological action- INHIBITS SECRETION OF GLUCAGON/INSULIN

123
Q

F (PP) Cells

A

secrete pancreatic polypeptide

124
Q

Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP)

A

produced by-F (PP) CELLS OF PANCREAS
target organs-PANCREAS
biological action-MAY INHIBIT EXOCRINE ACTIVITY OF PANCREAS

125
Q

Thymus

A

located in lower neck and anterior thorax
important immune organ (T-lymphocytes arise from precursor cells)

126
Q

Precursor cells transformation to T-lymphocytes

A

stimulated by thymic hormones

127
Q

thymic hormones

A

secreted by epithelial reticular cells
family of peptide molecules
Thymopoietin and Thymosin

128
Q

epithelial reticular cells

A

secrete thymic hormones
structural cells of thymus

129
Q

gonads

A

testes and ovaries
main sources of steroid sex hormones

130
Q

testes

A

male gonads
interstitial cells btwn sperm forming tubules secrete androgens (mostly testosterone)

131
Q

Testosterone

A

produced by-GONADS
target organs-SEX ORGANS
biological action-MAINTAIN REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS, PROMOTE FORMATION OF SPERM, MAINTAIN SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS

132
Q

ovaries

A

female gonads
theca folliculi secrete androgens converted to estrogen by follicular granulosa cells
also produce progesterone

133
Q

estrogen

A

produced by-FOLLICULAR GRANULOSA CELLS (OVARIES)
target organs-UTERUS, BREASTS
biological action-MAINTAIN REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS, SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS

134
Q

progesterone

A

produced by- FOLLICULAR GRANULOSA CELLS (OVARY)
target organs-UTERUS
biological action-SIGNAL UTERUS TO PREP FOR PREGNANCY

135
Q

the heart produced the hormone

A

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

136
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A

produced by-ATRIA OF HEART
target organs-KIDNEY
biological action-DECREASE EXCESS BLOOD VOLUME, HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE, AND HIGH BLOOD SODIUM (KIDNEY INCREASE SECRETION OF SALT-PRODUCTION OF SALTY URINE)

137
Q

the pancreas SECRETES

A

insulin
glucagon

138
Q

the thyroid SECRETES

A

calcitonin
T3/T4

139
Q

the ovaries PRODUCE

A

estrogen
progesterone

140
Q

the testes PRODUCE

A

testosterone

141
Q

the adrenal cortex SECRETES

A

aldosterone
glucocorticoids (cortisol)
androgenic steroids (DHEA)

142
Q

the hypothalamus RELEASES

A

TRH-stimulate release of TSH
PRH-stimulate production of breast milk
GnRH-stimulate release of LH and FSH
CRH-stimulate release of ACTH
GHRH-stimulate release of growth hormone

143
Q

the hypothalamus INHIBITS

A

PIH-inhibits prolactin, milk production
GHIH-inhibits growth hormone

144
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

Produced by- ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Target organs- ALL BODY TISSUES
Biological action-STIMULATE GROWTH

145
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Produced by- ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Target organs- ADRENAL CORTEX
Biological action- RELEASE OF CORTICOSTEROIDS

146
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Produced by- ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Target organs-OVARIES/TESTES
Biological action-STIMULATE DEVELOPMENT OF GAMETES (sperm/egg)

147
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Produced by- ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Target Organs-OVARIES/TESTES
Biological action-STIMULATE DEVELPOMENT OF GAMETES (sperm/egg)

148
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

Produced by-ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Target organs-MAMMARY GLANDS
Biological action-MILK PRODUCTION

149
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Produced by-ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Target organs-THYROID GLAND
Biological action-RELEASE THYROID HORMONE

150
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/Vasopressin

A

Produced by-HYPOTHALAMUS (released in POSTERIOR PITUITARY)
Target organs-KIDNEYS
Biological action-FLUID RETENTION

151
Q

Oxytocin

A

Produced by-HYPOTHALAMUS (released in POSTERIOR PITUITARY)
Target organs-UTERUS AND BREASTS
Biological action-UTERUS CONTRACTION IN CHILDBIRTH and MILK RELSEASE

152
Q

Thyroid hormones (T3 & T4)

A

Produced by-THYROID GLAND (stored in FOLLICULAR CELLS)
Target organs-MOST CELLS
Biological action-INCREASE BMR, INCREASE LIPOLYSIS, ACCELERATE BODY GROWTH, STIMULATE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, ETC.

153
Q

Calcitonin

A

Produced by-THYROID GLAND (stored in PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS)
Target organs-BONE
Biological action-LOWERS BLOOD CALCIUM

154
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

Produced by-PARATHYROID GLAND
Target organs-BONES AND KIDNEYS
Biological action-RAISES BLOOD CALCIUM

155
Q

Norepinephrine (NE) and Epinephrine (EPI)

A

Produced by-ADRENAL MEDULLA (CHROMAFFIN CELLS)
Target organs-ALL ORGANS
Biological action-FIGHT OR FLIGHT

156
Q

Aldosterone

A

Produced by-ADRENAL CORTEX (ZONA GLOMERULOSA)
Target organs-KIDNEYS
Biological action-INCREASE NA AND H2O RETENTION

157
Q

Cortisol

A

Produced by-ADRENAL CORTEX (ZONA FASCICULATA)
Target organ-LIVER/PANCREAS
Biological action-INCREASE BLOOD GLUCOSE

158
Q

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

A

Produced by-ADRENAL CORTEX (ZONA RETICULARIS)
Target organ-GONADS, BRAIN, LIVER, KIDNEYS
Biological action-PRODUCE OTHER HORMONES (ESTROGEN/TESTOSTERONE)

159
Q

Melatonin

A

Produced by-PINEAL GLAND
Target organs-VARIOUS TISSUES
Biological action-REGULATE CIRCADIAN RHYTHM

160
Q

Thymopoietin (TMPO)

A

produced by-THYMUS (EPITHELIAL RETICULAR CELLS)
target organs-T-LYMPHOCYTES
biological action-MATURATION AND SELECTION OF T-LYMPHOCYTES

161
Q

Thymosin

A

produced by-THYMUS (EPITHELIAL RETICULAR CELLS)
target organ-WHITE BLOOD CELLS
biological action-PRODUCTION OF T-CELLS

Anatomy 101 (10 decks)

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