Lab: Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
Cranial Nerve I
A
Name: Olfactory Nerve (Bulb)
Function: Smell
SMB: Sensory
2
Q
Cranial Nerve II
A
Name: Optic nerve (chiasm)
Function: Vision
SMB: Sensory
3
Q
Cranial Nerve III
A
Name: Occulomotor Nerve
Function: Move eyeball, lift eyelid, change pupil diameter
SMB: Motor
4
Q
Cranial Nerve IV
A
Name: Trochlear nerve
Function: controls superior oblique eye muscle
SMB: Motor
5
Q
Cranial Nerve V
A
Name: Trigeminal nerve
Function: facial sensation, mastication
SMB: Both
6
Q
Cranial Nerve VI
A
Name: Abducens
Function: abducts eye (lateral rectus)
SMB: Motor
7
Q
Cranial nerve VII
A
Name: Facial nerve
Function: taste, facial expressions, innervates lacrimal and salivary glands
SMB: Both
8
Q
Cranial neve VIII
A
Name: Vestibulocochlear nerve
Function: Equilibrium, hearing
SMB: Sensory
9
Q
Cranial nerve IX
A
Name: Glossopharyngeal nerve
Function: taste/touch from tongue, swallowing
SMB: Both
10
Q
Cranial nerve X
A
Name: Vagus nerve
Function: pharynx/larynx movement, taste, visceral sensation
SMB: Both
11
Q
Cranial nerve XI
A
Name: Accessory nerve
Function: innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
SMB: Motor
12
Q
Cranial nerve XII
A
Name: Hypoglossal nerve
Function: moves tongue
SMB: Motor
13
Q
Types of tactile receptors
A
free nerve endings, root hair plexus, tactile (Merkel) disc, end bulb, lamellated corpuscle, bulbous corpuscle, tactile corpuscle
14
Q
Free nerve ending
A
Structure: dendrites of sensory neurons
Location: Closest to skin surface, mucus membranes
Function: Temp, pain, light touch, pressure detection
Rate of adaptation: Phasic or tonic
15
Q
Root hair plexus
A
Structure: dendrites of sensory neurons around hair follicles
Location: Reticular layer of dermis
Function: detects hair movement
Rate of adaptation: phasic
16
Q
Tactile (Merkel) Disc
A
Structure: Flattened dendrites of sensory neurons ending next to merkel (tactile) cell
Location: stratum basale of epidermis
Function: detect light touch
Rate of adaptation: tonic
17
Q
End bulb
A
Structure: dendrites of sensory neurons ensheathed in connective tissue
Location: dermis, mucus membranes
Function: Detect light pressure and low frequency vibration
Rate of adaptation: Tonic
18
Q
Lamellated corpuscles
A
Structure: Dendrites of sensory neurons ensheathed with inner core of neurolemmocytes and outer concentric layers of connective tissue
Location: Reticular layer of dermis, hypodermis of palms/soles, breasts, external genitalia, walls of some organs
Function: Coarse touch: continuous, deep pressure and high frequency vibration
rate of adaptation: phasic
19
Q
bulbous corpuscle
A
Structure: dendrites of sensory neurons within connective tissue
Location: Dermis and subQ layer
Function: detect continuous deep pressure and skin distortion
Rate of adaptation: Tonic
20
Q
Tactile corpuscle
A
Structure: intertwined dendrites of sensory neurons enclosed by modified neurolemmocytes and dense irregular connective tissue
Location: dermal papillae, especially in lips, palms, eyelids, nipples, and genitals
Function: discriminative touch for distinguishing texture, shape; light touch
Rate of adaptation: Phasic
21
Q
photoreceptors
A
used to detect light, color and movements
22
Q
diameter of eye
A
about 2.5 cm
23
Q
how much of the eyes surface is visible?
A
anterior 1/6
24
Q
fibrous tunic
A
sclera
cornea
25
sclera
"white" of eye
provides shape
protects internal parts
attaches extrinsic eye muscles
26
cornea
convex, transparent structure forming anterior 1/6 of tunic
convex shape refracts light rays coming into eye
27
vascular tunic
choroid
ciliary body
iris
pupil
28
Choroid
highly vascular, dark pigmented membrane
prevents scattering of light rays in eye as pigmented layer absorbs them
29
ciliary body
composed of ciliary muscles and ciliary processes
30
iris
visible colored part of eye attached to ciliary body
2 layers of pigment-forming cells
vascular and nervous structures
31
pupil
round, central opening allowing light to enter
controls amount of light entering eye
32
retina
deepest tunic composed of 2 layers
pigmented layer
neural layer
33
pigmented layer
outer single layer of melanocytes
functions like choroid to absorb light and prevent it from scattering in eye
34
neural layer
innter sheet of nervous tissue containing 3 main types of neurons
houses photoreceptors and associated neurons
responsible for absorbing light rays
converts into nerve signals transmitted into brain
35
ora serrata
edge of retina
36
the lens
thick, transparent, biconvex disc changing shape to allow precise focusing of light on the retina
composed of precisely arranged layers of cells with no organelles filled completely with crystallin protein
focuses incoming light onto retina
suspensory ligaments and ciliary muscles help change shape to view objects near and far-accommodationn
37
posterior cavity
posterior to elns and anterior to retina
occupied by vitreous humor
helps maintain eye shape, support retina
transmits light from lens to retina
38
vitreous humor
transparent, gelatinous fluid present between lens and retina
39
anterior cavity
anterior to lens and posterior to cornea
divided into anterior chamber and posterior chamber
40
anterior chamber
between iris and cornea
41
posterior chamber
between lens and iris
42
outer ear function
hearing
43
middle ear function
hearing
44
inner ear function
hearing and equilibrium
45
the auricle (pinna)
surrounds opening of external acoustic meatus, consists of elastic cartilage covered with skin
gathers and funnels to sound waves to amplify them into the external acoustic meatus
46
external acoustic meatus
short tube running medially from auricle to eardrum
lined with skin containing hairs, sebaceous glands, and ceruminous glands
47
tympanic membrane
forms boundary btwn external and middle ear
lined by thin mucus membrane
48
tympanic cavity
AKA middle ear
small air-filled space inside petrous portion of temporal bone
49
medial wall
separates the middle ear from the outer ear
50
oval window
superior small hole penetrating medial wall
51
round window
inferior small hole penetrating medial wall
52
pharyngotympanic tube (auditory/eustachian tube)
links middle ear and pharynx
53
auditory ossicles
smallest bones in body that transmit vibrations of eardrum across cavity to fluid in inner ear
54
malleus (hammer)
most lateral ossicle
attaches to the eardrum
55
incus (anvil)
middle ossicle
btwn malleus and stapes
56
stapes (stirrup)
most medial ossicle
vibrates against oval window
57
inner ear (labyrinth)
lies in petrous portion of temporal bone
2 main divisions (bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth)
58
bony labyrinth
cavity consisting of system of twisting channels 3 three parts
semicircular canals, vestibule and cochlea
59
membranous labyrinth
series of membrane-walled sacs and ducts that fit loosely in bony labyrinth
consists of three main parts
semicircular ducts, utricle + saccule, and cochlear duct
60
endolymph
clear fluid that fills membranous labyrinth that is confined to the membranous labyrinth
61
perilymph
continuous with cerebrospinal fluid that fills the subarachnoid space and fills the bony labyrinth
62
vestibule
central cavity of bony labyrinth
lies medial to middle ear and oval window in lateral wall
63
utricle and saccule
egg shaped parts of membranous labyrinth
utricle is continuous with the semicircular ducts
saccule is continuous with cochlear duct
houses macula
64
macula
a spot of sensory epithelium
65
semicircular canals
lie posterior and lateral to vestibule
66
anterior and posterior semicircular canals
lie in vertical plane at right angles
67
lateral semicircular canal
lies in the horizontal plane
68
semicircular duct
snakes through each semicircular canals
69
cochlea
spiraling chamber in the bony labyrinth
coils around modiolus from attachment to vestibule at the base
70
modiolus
pillar of bone cochlea coils around
71
cochlear duct
coils part of membranous labyrinth in cochlear
location of sensory receptors for hearing
72
2 categories of endocrine organs
pure endocrine organs
organs containing endocrine cells
73
pure endocrine organs
pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands
74
organs containing endocrine cells
pancreas, thymus, gonads, and the hypothalamus
75
functions of endocrine system
maintain homeostasis
control development of reproductive organs
regulating development, growth and metabolism
controlling digestive processes
76
function of hypothalamus
receives input from limbic system, cerebral cortex, and thalamus
77
infundibulum
connects hypothalamus and pituitary
78
breakdown of synthesizing hormones of hypothalamus
5 releasing hormones
2 inhibiting hormones that target anterior pituitary
2 hormones made by hypothalamus and stored in and released through posterior pituitary
79
pituitary gland secretes
7 hormones
80
2 basic divisions of pituitary gland
adenohypophysis
neurohypophysis
each has 3 sub divisions
81
adenohypophysis
anterior glandular hypophysis made up of glandular tissue
82
neurohypophysis
posterior neural hypophysis composed of neural tissue
83
3 divisions of adenohypophysis
pars distalis (anterior lobe)
pars intermedia
pars tuberalis
84
3 divisions of neurohypophysis
pars nervosa (posterior lobe)
infundibular stalk
median eminence
85
the adenohypophysis contains
5 different types of endocrine cells that make and release 7 different hormones
86
somatotropic cells make and release
growth hormone (GH)
87
mammotropic cells make and release
prolactin (PRL)
88
thyrotropic cells make and release
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
89
corticotropic cells make and release
adrenocortico-tropic hormone (ACTH) and melanocyte-stimulation hormone (MSH)
90
Gonadotropic cells make and release
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
91
the neurohypophysis consists of nervous tissue with
unmyelinated axons and neuroglia
92
the neurohypophysis does not make
hormones
93
the neurohypophysis only
stores and releases hormones produced in the hypothalamus
94
the neurohypophysis releases 2 peptide hormones
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/Vasopressin
Oxytocin
95
thyroid gland
largest pure endocrine gland
butterfly shaped located in anterior neck on trachea inferior to larynx
2 lateral lobes, connected by isthmus
96
isthmus
median bridge connecting lobes of thyroid
97
the thyroid gland produces
thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)-follicular cells
calcitonin-parafollicular cells
98
functions of thyroid hormone
increase basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Stimulate production of additional Na+/K+ ATPase pumps
Stimulate protein synthesis
increases use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production
Increase lipolysis
Increase cholesterol excretion
Enhance actions of catecholamines (Norepinephrine and Epinephrine)
Accelerate body growth
99
The parathyroid contains 2 types of endocrine cells
chief cells
oxyphil cells
100
chief cells function
produce small protein hormone called parathyroid hormone (PTH)
101
Oxyphil cells function
unknown
102
parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin maintain
calcium homeostasis in the blood
103
PTH and calcitonin have effects
antagonistic
104
Adrenal (suprarenal) glands
paired adrenal glands are crescent/pyramid shaped organs on superior kidneys
Nerve supply is almost exclusively sympathetic fibers to adrenal medulla
105
each adrenal gland has 2 endocrine glands in 1
adrenal medulla
adrenal cortex
106
adrenal medulla
cluster or neurons located centrally in adrenal gland
part of autonomic nervous system
spherical chromaffin cells secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine
107
adrenal cortex
bulk of the adrenal gland
secretes variety of lipid based steroid hormones
cortex is composed of 3 zones
108
chromaffin cells
spherical, modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine
in adrenal medulla, arranged in spherical clusters with some branching cords
109
3 zones of adrenal cortex external to internal
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
110
pineal gland
small, pine cone shaped glans at end of short stalk on the roof of the diencephalon
111
pinealocytes
star shaped cells with long, branching processes
secrete melatonin
112
pineal sand
in adults, dense particles of calcium in btwn the cell clusters
radiopaque
113
Pancreas
posterior wall of abdominal cavity
contains both endocrine and exocrine cells
114
acinar cells
exocrine cells in the pancreas that form most of the gland
secrete digestive enzymes into small intestine during food digestion
115
pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)
spherical bodies of endocrine cells
1M islets scattered throughout pancreas
116
alpha cells (a cells)
secrete glucagon
117
glucagon
produced by-ALPHA CELLS IN PANCREAS
target organs-LIVER
biological action-MAKE GLUCOSE FROM GLYCOGEN
118
beta cells (B cells)
secrete insulin
119
insulin
produced by-BETA CELLS IN PANCREAS
target organs-LIVER, ADPIOSE TISSUE
biological action-TAKE GLUCOSE OUT OF BLOOD AND STORE IT AS GLYCOGEN
120
pancreatic islets (islets of langerhans) contain 2 rare cell types
Delta (D) cells
F (PP) Cells
121
Delta (D) Cells
secrete somatostatin
122
somatostatin
produced by-DELTA CELLS IN PANCREAS
target organs-LIVER
biological action- INHIBITS SECRETION OF GLUCAGON/INSULIN
123
F (PP) Cells
secrete pancreatic polypeptide
124
Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP)
produced by-F (PP) CELLS OF PANCREAS
target organs-PANCREAS
biological action-MAY INHIBIT EXOCRINE ACTIVITY OF PANCREAS
125
Thymus
located in lower neck and anterior thorax
important immune organ (T-lymphocytes arise from precursor cells)
126
Precursor cells transformation to T-lymphocytes
stimulated by thymic hormones
127
thymic hormones
secreted by epithelial reticular cells
family of peptide molecules
Thymopoietin and Thymosin
128
epithelial reticular cells
secrete thymic hormones
structural cells of thymus
129
gonads
testes and ovaries
main sources of steroid sex hormones
130
testes
male gonads
interstitial cells btwn sperm forming tubules secrete androgens (mostly testosterone)
131
Testosterone
produced by-GONADS
target organs-SEX ORGANS
biological action-MAINTAIN REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS, PROMOTE FORMATION OF SPERM, MAINTAIN SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS
132
ovaries
female gonads
theca folliculi secrete androgens converted to estrogen by follicular granulosa cells
also produce progesterone
133
estrogen
produced by-FOLLICULAR GRANULOSA CELLS (OVARIES)
target organs-UTERUS, BREASTS
biological action-MAINTAIN REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS, SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS
134
progesterone
produced by- FOLLICULAR GRANULOSA CELLS (OVARY)
target organs-UTERUS
biological action-SIGNAL UTERUS TO PREP FOR PREGNANCY
135
the heart produced the hormone
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
136
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
produced by-ATRIA OF HEART
target organs-KIDNEY
biological action-DECREASE EXCESS BLOOD VOLUME, HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE, AND HIGH BLOOD SODIUM (KIDNEY INCREASE SECRETION OF SALT-PRODUCTION OF SALTY URINE)
137
the pancreas SECRETES
insulin
glucagon
138
the thyroid SECRETES
calcitonin
T3/T4
139
the ovaries PRODUCE
estrogen
progesterone
140
the testes PRODUCE
testosterone
141
the adrenal cortex SECRETES
aldosterone
glucocorticoids (cortisol)
androgenic steroids (DHEA)
142
the hypothalamus RELEASES
TRH-stimulate release of TSH
PRH-stimulate production of breast milk
GnRH-stimulate release of LH and FSH
CRH-stimulate release of ACTH
GHRH-stimulate release of growth hormone
143
the hypothalamus INHIBITS
PIH-inhibits prolactin, milk production
GHIH-inhibits growth hormone
144
Growth hormone (GH)
Produced by- ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Target organs- ALL BODY TISSUES
Biological action-STIMULATE GROWTH
145
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Produced by- ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Target organs- ADRENAL CORTEX
Biological action- RELEASE OF CORTICOSTEROIDS
146
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Produced by- ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Target organs-OVARIES/TESTES
Biological action-STIMULATE DEVELOPMENT OF GAMETES (sperm/egg)
147
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Produced by- ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Target Organs-OVARIES/TESTES
Biological action-STIMULATE DEVELPOMENT OF GAMETES (sperm/egg)
148
Prolactin (PRL)
Produced by-ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Target organs-MAMMARY GLANDS
Biological action-MILK PRODUCTION
149
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Produced by-ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Target organs-THYROID GLAND
Biological action-RELEASE THYROID HORMONE
150
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/Vasopressin
Produced by-HYPOTHALAMUS (released in POSTERIOR PITUITARY)
Target organs-KIDNEYS
Biological action-FLUID RETENTION
151
Oxytocin
Produced by-HYPOTHALAMUS (released in POSTERIOR PITUITARY)
Target organs-UTERUS AND BREASTS
Biological action-UTERUS CONTRACTION IN CHILDBIRTH and MILK RELSEASE
152
Thyroid hormones (T3 & T4)
Produced by-THYROID GLAND (stored in FOLLICULAR CELLS)
Target organs-MOST CELLS
Biological action-INCREASE BMR, INCREASE LIPOLYSIS, ACCELERATE BODY GROWTH, STIMULATE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, ETC.
153
Calcitonin
Produced by-THYROID GLAND (stored in PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS)
Target organs-BONE
Biological action-LOWERS BLOOD CALCIUM
154
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Produced by-PARATHYROID GLAND
Target organs-BONES AND KIDNEYS
Biological action-RAISES BLOOD CALCIUM
155
Norepinephrine (NE) and Epinephrine (EPI)
Produced by-ADRENAL MEDULLA (CHROMAFFIN CELLS)
Target organs-ALL ORGANS
Biological action-FIGHT OR FLIGHT
156
Aldosterone
Produced by-ADRENAL CORTEX (ZONA GLOMERULOSA)
Target organs-KIDNEYS
Biological action-INCREASE NA AND H2O RETENTION
157
Cortisol
Produced by-ADRENAL CORTEX (ZONA FASCICULATA)
Target organ-LIVER/PANCREAS
Biological action-INCREASE BLOOD GLUCOSE
158
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Produced by-ADRENAL CORTEX (ZONA RETICULARIS)
Target organ-GONADS, BRAIN, LIVER, KIDNEYS
Biological action-PRODUCE OTHER HORMONES (ESTROGEN/TESTOSTERONE)
159
Melatonin
Produced by-PINEAL GLAND
Target organs-VARIOUS TISSUES
Biological action-REGULATE CIRCADIAN RHYTHM
160
Thymopoietin (TMPO)
produced by-THYMUS (EPITHELIAL RETICULAR CELLS)
target organs-T-LYMPHOCYTES
biological action-MATURATION AND SELECTION OF T-LYMPHOCYTES
161
Thymosin
produced by-THYMUS (EPITHELIAL RETICULAR CELLS)
target organ-WHITE BLOOD CELLS
biological action-PRODUCTION OF T-CELLS
