The Central Nervous System

Question 1

Cannon’s Postulates

Answer 1

1. nervous regulation of internal environment
2. tonic control
3. antagonistic control (insulin and glucagon)
4. one chemical signal can have different effects in different tissues (epinephrine)

Question 2

CNS

Answer 2

brain and spinal cord

Question 3

PNS

Answer 3

all nerves, connecting to the CNS, cranial, and spinal

Question 4

gray matter

Answer 4

unmyelinated nerve cell bodies
dendrites
axon terminals

Question 5

white matter

Answer 5

myelinated axons
contains very few cell bodies

Question 6

the brain is encased in bony skull or

Answer 6

cranium

Question 7

spinal cord runs through

Answer 7

vertebral column

Question 8

meninges

Answer 8

lies between bones and tissues

Question 9

meningeal layers

Answer 9

of the brain cushion and protect delicate neural tissue

Question 10

spinal cord is protected by

Answer 10

vertebrae and meninges

Question 11

connective tissue layers that surround the spinal cord

Answer 11

dura mater
arachnoid membrane
pia mater

Question 12

structure and formation of the spinal nerve: roots

Answer 12

2 bundles
dorsal root: sensory
ventral root: motor

Question 13

processing of sensory input and motor output

Answer 13

gray matter
dorsal gray horns
ventral and lateral gray horns

Question 14

dorsal gray horns

Answer 14

process sensory information

Question 15

dorsal gray horns

Answer 15

process sensory information

Question 16

ventral and lateral gray horns

Answer 16

send out motor information

Question 17

spinal cord white matter is divided into 3 sections

Answer 17

dorsal white columns
ventral white columns
lateral white columns

Question 18

each section of the spinal cord white matter contains bundles of axons called

Answer 18

tracts
-ascending tracts: send signals toward the brain
-descending tracts: send signals away from brain

Question 19

spinal cord function

Answer 19

processing of sensory and motor information

Question 20

blood-brain barrier

Answer 20

astrocyte foot processes
tight junction

Question 21

the astrocyte foot processes

Answer 21

secrete paracrines that promote tight junction information

Question 22

tight junction

Answer 22

prevents solute movement between endothelial cells

Question 23

cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 23

1. clear and colorless
2. protects from chemical and physical injury
3. continuously circulates through various openings in the brain and subarachnoid space
4. produced by choroid plexus

Question 24

2 metabolic needs of neural tissue are

Answer 24

oxygen
glucose

Question 25

oxygen

Answer 25

-passes freely across blood-brain barrier
-brain receives 15% of blood pumped by the heart

Question 26

glucose

Answer 26

-brain responsible for about half of body’s glucose consumption
-membrane transporters move glucose from plasma into the brain interstitial fluid
-progressive hypoglycemia leads to confusion, unconsciousness, and death

Question 27

cerebral cortex can be divided into 3 specializations

Answer 27

sensory areas
motor areas
association areas

Question 28

sensory areas

Answer 28

sensory input translated into perception (awareness)

Question 29

motor areas

Answer 29

direct skeletal muscle movement

Question 30

association areas

Answer 30

integrate information from sensory and motor areas
can direct voluntary behaviors

Question 31

hypothalamus

Answer 31

-activates sympathetic nervous system
-maintains body temperature
-controls body osmolarity
-controls reproductive functions
-controls food intake
-interacts with limbic system to influence behavior and emotions
-influences cardiovascular control center in medulla oblongata
-secretes trophic hormones that control release of hormones from anterior pituitary gland

Question 32

brain function: behavioral state

Answer 32

-modulatory of sensory and cognitive processes

Question 33

neurons are collectively known as

Answer 33

diffuse modulatory system
—originate in reticular formation in brain stem

Question 34

brain function : motivation

Answer 34

-defined as internal signals that shape voluntary behavior
-some states known as drives
-work with autonomic and endocrine responses
-motivated behaviors stop: satiety

Question 35

brain function: emotion and motivation

Answer 35

the link between emotions and physiological functions
-stress