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Integrative Physiology > Cell Signaling > Flashcards

Cell Signaling Flashcards

1
Q

mass balance in the body

A

mass balance= existing body load + intake or metabolic production - excretion or metabolic removal

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2
Q

clearance

A

rate at which a molecule disappears from teh body

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3
Q

mass flow=

A

concentration x volume flow

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4
Q

homeostasis and equilibrium relationship

A

not equal to one another

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5
Q

three types of equilibrium

A

-chemical disequilibrium
-electrical disequilibrium
-osmotic equilibrium

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6
Q

three body fluid compartments

A

plasma
interstitial fluid
intracellular fluid

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7
Q

what portion of the plasma membrane is highly permeable to nonpolar molecules?

A

lipid bilayer

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8
Q

the lipid bilayer is moderately permeable to

A

small, uncharged polar molcules

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9
Q

the lipid bilayer is impermeable to

A

ions and large, uncharged polar molecules

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10
Q

concentration gradient

A

is a difference in the concentration of a chemical from one place to another

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11
Q

an electrical gradient is a

A

difference in electrical charges between 2 regions

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12
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

refers to the combined influence of the concentration gradient and the electrical gradient on movement of a particualr ion across a membrane

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13
Q

K+ wants to be

A

inside the cell

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14
Q

active transport

A

requires energy

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15
Q

primary active transport is

A

the direct phosphorylation of ATP

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16
Q

secondary active transport

A

utilizes conditions based on secondary factors
-does not involve direct phosphorylation of atp

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17
Q

seven properties of diffusion

A
  1. passive process (obeying second law of thermodynamics)
  2. high concentration to low concentration
  3. net movement until concentration is equal
  4. rapid over short distances
  5. directly related to temperature
  6. inversely related to molecular size
  7. in open system or across a partition
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18
Q

diffusion (obeying second law of thermodynamics)

A

movement of a substance down its concentration gradient due to its kinetic energy

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19
Q

fick’s law of diffusion

A

rate of diffusion is directly proportional to surface area, concentration gradient, membrane permeability

indirectly proportional to membrane thickness

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20
Q

membrane thickness is based on

A

lipid solubility / molecular size

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21
Q

changing the composition of the lipid layer can

A

increase or decrease membrane permeability

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22
Q

a larger size molecule will ___ membrane permeability

A

decrease

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23
Q

diffusion across a membrane

A

simple and facilitated

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24
Q

simple diffusion

A

a solute moves across the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane without the help of membrane transport proteins

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25
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

a solute moves across the lipid bilayer aided by a channel protein or a carrier protein

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26
Q

channel-mediated facilitated diffusion

A

gated channel

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27
Q

gated channel is

A

one in which a portion of the channel protein acts as a gate to pen or close the channel’s pore to the passage of ions

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28
Q

carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

A

carrier protein
solute specificity

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29
Q

carrier protein binds to

A

a substance on one side of the membrane, undergoes a conformational change, and then releases the substance on the opposite side of the membrane

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30
Q

solute specificity (somewhat)

A

a given carrier protein transports only one solute or a group of solutes that are structurally related

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31
Q

properties of carrier proteins

A

saturation
competition (for related compounds)

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32
Q

glucose binds to a specific type of carrier protein called the

A

glucose transporter (glut). the binding site initially faces the outside surface of the membrane

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33
Q

the transporter undergoes a conformational change which causes

A

the binding site to face the inside of the cell

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34
Q

glucose dissociates from the

A

transporter and enters the cytosol

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35
Q

channel proteins

A

create a water-filled pore

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36
Q

channel proteins can be classified as

A

gated channels and open channels

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37
Q

carrier proteins

A

never form an open channel between the two sides of the membrane

38
Q

carrier proteins can be classified as

A

uniport carriers
cotransporters
-symport carriers
-antiport carriers

39
Q

the sodium potassium pump expels

A

sodium ions and brings potassium ions into the cell. note: k+ electrical and concentration gradients occur in opposite directions (high to low)

40
Q

secondary active transport mechanisms use

A

the energy stored in an ionic electrochemical gradient (usually Na+)
because primary active transport pumps the hydrolyzed ATP to maintain the gradient, secondary active transport mechanisms consume ATP indirectly

both AT use energy

41
Q

symporters

A

carry two substances across the membrane in the same direction

42
Q

antiporters

A

carry two substances across the membrane in opposite directions

43
Q

Na+ is moving ___ its electrochemical gradient

A

down

44
Q

osmosis is

A

the diffusion of water

45
Q

the body is mostly water

A

most water volume in intracellular
extracellular
plasma

46
Q

principle of osmosis based off of

A

solute concentrations

47
Q

osmolarity of a solution is a measure of the

A

total number of dissolved particles per liter of solution. the particles may be molecules, ions, or a mixture of both

48
Q

isoosmotic

A

same osmolarity as another solution

49
Q

hyperosmotic

A

higher osmolarity than another solution

50
Q

hypoosmotic

A

lower osmolarity than another solution

51
Q

tonicity

A

tonic= tension
measure of a solution’s ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content

52
Q

in a hypotonic solution

A

the cell swells

53
Q

in a hypertonic solution

A

the cell shrinks

54
Q

tonicity depends on the relative concentrations of

A

nonpenetrating solutes

55
Q

tonicity only depends on

A

nonpenetrating solutes

56
Q

intravenous solutions
fluid therapy is dependent on

A

osmolarity and tonicity

57
Q

hypotonic solutions are used in conditions of

A

dehydration

58
Q

isotonic solutions are used in

A

blood loss, fluid is needed to remain in the ECF (interstitial + plasma)

59
Q

cell to cell communication overview (3)

A
  1. physiological communication signals
  2. target cells, or targets, receive signals
  3. 3 general methods of cell-to-cell communication
60
Q

physiological communication signals

A

electrical
chemical

61
Q

electrical

A

changes in the membrane potential of a cell

62
Q

chemical

A

secreted by cells into ECF
responsible for most communication within the body

63
Q

cells can communicate with one another through

A

gap junctions
cell to cell binding
extracellular chemical messengers

64
Q

process of extracellular chemical messengers

A
  1. binding of the extracellular chemical messenger to a receptor
  2. signal transduction
  3. cellular response
65
Q

binding of the extracellular chemical messenger to a receptor

A

the receptor may be present in the target cell’s plasma membrane or inside the target cell

66
Q

signal transduction

A

sequence of events that occurs during signal transduction is referred to as a signal transudction pathway

67
Q

cellular response

A

signal transduction pathway culminates in a cellular response by the target cell

68
Q

3 major types of extracellular chemical messengers

A
  1. hormones
  2. neurotransmitters
  3. local mediators
69
Q

hormones

A

mediate endocrine signaling

70
Q

neurotransmitters

A

mediate synaptic signaling

71
Q

local mediators

A

paracrines and autocrines
mediate local signaling

72
Q

lipophobic bind to

A

membrane of cell

73
Q

lipophilic

A

signal molecules and go in cell or bind to cell membrane

steroid

74
Q

lipophilic have ____response

A

slower while lipophobic is more rapid

75
Q

signal pathways: signal amplification
transducers

A

convert extracellular signals into intracellular messages which create a response

76
Q

steps of signal transduction pathway form a

A

cascade

77
Q

modulation of signal pathways

A

-specificity and competition
-agonist versus antagonist
-multiple receptors for one ligand (e.g. epinephrine)

78
Q

alpha receptor

A

vasconstriction

79
Q

beta receptor

A

vasodilation

80
Q

antagonist

A

blocks receptor activity while an agonist activates the receptor for a response

81
Q

the target response depends on the

A

target receptor

82
Q

other modulation of signal pathway

A

up regulation
down regulation
termination mechanism
disease and drugs

83
Q

down-regulation

A

-by decreasing the number of receptors
-by decreasing the binding affinity
-one explanation for drug tolerance

84
Q

physiological control systems keep

A

regulated variables within a desired range during homeostasis

85
Q

control systems: cannon’s postulates

A
  1. nervous regulation of internal environment
  2. tonic control
  3. antagonistic control (e.g. insulin and glucagon)
  4. one chemical signal can have different effects in different tissues (epinephrine)
86
Q

tonic control regulates physiological parameters in an

A

up-down fashion

87
Q

antagonistic neurons control

A

heart rate: some speed it up, while others slow it down

88
Q

stimulation by ___ nerves increases heart rate
stimulation by ____ nerves decreases heart rate

A

sympathetic
parasympathetic

89
Q

control pathways: setpoints

A

oscillation around the setpoint

90
Q

acclimatization refers to

A

natural adaptation

91
Q

acclimation refers to

A

induced adaptation

92
Q

feedforward control refers to

A

anticipatory responses

the response counteracts the stimulus, shutting off the response loop

Integrative Physiology (7 decks)

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