The Cellular Level of Organization - COMPLETE Flashcards
Functions of receptor proteins
When an outside molecule binds to the specific sight, the receptor protein will send a signal to the inside of a cell to perform a specific function
Function of enzymes
Control a reaction.
How does an enzyme work
A substrate will fit into the enzyme and create and active sight. Enzyme will crack open this bond and create ATP.
Functions of ion channels
Allow for the flow of specific ions across the cell membrane
Functions of gated ion channels
Allow for the flow of specific ions across the cell membrane
Functions of carrier proteins
Transport proteins from one side of the cell membrane to the other.
How does a carrier protein work
Molecule will attach to the protein on one side of the cell membrane and pump the molecule through to the other side
Functions of cell-identity markers
Enable classification and identification of cells and cell type. Will also track cell growth
Functions of cell-adhesion molecules
Used to secure, stick, and bond to other cells and/or to their surroundings
Passive forms of transport of ions through plasma membrane
Movement from a high to low concentration that requires no ATP.
Active forms of transport of ions through plasma membranes
Moves from a low to high concentration gradient through carrier-meditated transport. Requires ATP
Define simple diffusion
Net movement of molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from a high to low concentration gradient.
Define Facilitated Diffusion
The use of specialized proteins that help carry molecules across a selectively permeable membrane
Define Osmosis
Movement of water
Describe filtration
The removal of toxins and waste product from the blood. Performed by the kidneys
Define Hydrostatic pressure
As blood moves along the capillary, fluid moves out though it pores and into the interstitial space
Define a hypotonic solution
A solution with a lower concentration solute that another solution
Define a hypertonic solution
A solution with a higher concentration solute that another solution
Define an isotonic solution
A solution that has the same solute concentration as the bodies fluids
Describe the direction of water across a selectively permeable membrane in a Hypotonic solution
Water rushes into the cells causing it to expand or even burst
Describe the direction of water across a selectively permeable membrane in a Hypertonic solution
Water leaves the cell causing the cell to shrivel
Describe the direction of water across a selectively permeable membrane in an Isotonic solution
There is no flow of water movement. Cell stays stable
Define Protein synthesis
The formation of a new protein
Describe unraveling the DNA molecule
Define transcription
DNA is changed into RNA
Describe transcription
Histone is removed from DNA. RNA polymerase spits the double helix. RNA chain is created
Define translation
Using RNA code to create new protein stand
Describe translation - Step 1
Initiation: Condon on mRNA binds to ribosome/ Initiator tRNA brings first amino acid to the ribosome
Describe translation - Step 2
Elongation: tRNA comes again and again bringing amino acids, while the mRNA is reading each codon
Describe translation - Step 3
Termination: Ribosome reaches the stop codon. tRNA is brought with the termination codon
Define cell division
The process by which a single parent cells splits to form new cells
Define mitosis
Splitting and replication of cells chromosomes to form new cells
Define cytokinesis
Bring about the separation into two daughter cells
