The Cell: Parts and its Function prt. II Flashcards
control the passage of ions, molecules, and RNA between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm.
pores
only visible and distinguishable from one another when the cell is getting ready to divide
Chromosomes
a series of interconnected membranous tubules that collectively modify proteins and synthesize lipids
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
two functions are performed in separate areas of the endoplasmic reticulum
rough endoplasmic reticulum
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
the ribosomes attached to its cytoplasmic surface give it a studded appearance when viewed through an electron microscope
rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
True or False
The ribosomes synthesize proteins while attached to the ER, resulting in the transfer of their newly produced proteins into the lumen of the RER where they undergo modifications such as folding or addition of sugars
false
True or False
The ribosomes synthesize proteins while attached to the ER, resulting in the transfer of their newly synthesized proteins into the lumen of the RER where they undergo modifications such as folding or addition of sugars
true
RER or SER
makes phospholipids for cell membranes.
RER
continuous with the RER but has few or no ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
SER’s functions include
synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids (including phospholipids), and steroid hormones;
detoxification of medications and poisons;
alcohol metabolism; and
storage of calcium ions.
where sorting, tagging, packaging, and distribution of lipids and proteins take place
Golgi Apparatus (also called the Golgi body)
Golgi Apparatus also known as
Golgi body
a series of flattened membranous sacs.
Golgi Apparatus
has a receiving face near the endoplasmic reticulum and a releasing face on the side away from the ER, toward the cell membrane
Golgi apparatus
the transport vesicles that form from the ER travel to the receiving face, fuse with it and empty their contents into the lumen of…
Golgi apparatus
true or false
As the proteins and lipids travel through the Golgi, they undergo further modifications.
true
true or false
As the minerals travel through the Golgi, they undergo further modifications.
false
the cell’s “garbage disposal.
Lysosomes
aid the breakdown of proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even worn-out organelles
Digestive enzymes within the lysosomes
aid the breakdown of proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even worn-out organelles
Digestive enzymes within the lysosomes
lysosomes are important for digestion of the food they ingest and the recycling of organelles in what cell
single-celled eukaryotes
membrane-bound sacs that function in storage and transport
Vesicles and Vacuoles
Vesicles or Vacuoles
somewhat larger than vesicles
Vacuoles
Vesicles or Vacuoles
the membrane does not fuse with the membranes of other cellular components
Vacuoles
Vesicles or Vacuoles
can fuse with other membranes within the cell system
Vesicles
enzymes within what vacuoles can break down macromolecules
plant vacuoles
the cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis
Ribosomes
appear as either clusters or single tiny dots floating freely in the cytoplasm
Ribosomes
may be attached to either the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane or the cytoplasmic side of the endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes
what has shown that ribosomes consist of large and small subunits
Electron microscopy
… are enzyme complexes that are responsible for protein synthesis
Ribosomes
true or false
ribosomes are found in practically every cell
true
true or false
Because protein synthesis is essential for all cells, ribosomes are found in practically every cell, although they are smaller in prokaryotic cells
true
true or false
They are particularly abundant in immature red blood cells for the synthesis of hemoglobin, which functions in the transport of oxygen throughout the body
true
often called the “powerhouses” or “energy factories” of a cell
Mitochondria
responsible for making adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Mitochondria
singular form of mitochondria
mitochondrion
the cell’s main energy-carrying molecule
Mitochondria
what is the formation of ATP
the breakdown of glucose
breakdown of glucose is known as
cellular respiration
oval-shaped, double-membrane organelles that have their own ribosomes and DNA
Mitochondria
The inner layer of the phospholipid bilayer of the mitochondria has folds called
cristae
increase the surface area of the inner membrane
cristae
area surrounded by the folds is called the
mitochondrial matrix
animal cells vs. plant cells
have centrioles, centrosomes, and lysosomes
Animal cells
animal cells vs. plant cells
have a cell wall, chloroplasts, plasmodesmata, and plastids used for storage, and a large central vacuole,
plant cells
plant cells have
a cell wall
chloroplasts
plasmodesmata
plastids used for storage
and a large central vacuole
Animal cells have
centrioles
centrosomes
and lysosomes
a rigid covering that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives shape to the cell.
Cell Wall
the chief component of prokaryotic cell walls is
peptidoglycan
the major organic molecule in the plant cell wall is
cellulose
a polysaccharide made up of long, straight chains of glucose units
cellulose
nutritional information refers to dietary fiber, it is referring to
the cellulose content of food
also have their own DNA and ribosomes
chloroplasts
function in photosynthesis and can be found in eukaryotic cells such as plants and algae
Chloroplasts
carbon dioxide, water, and light energy are used to make glucose and oxygen
photosynthesis
plants or animals
able to make their own food, like glucose
plants (autotrophs)
plants are also called
autotrophs
plants or animals
must rely on other organisms for their organic compounds or food source
animals (heterotrophs)
animals are also called
heterotrophs
The chloroplasts contain a green pigment called
chlorophyll
captures the energy of sunlight for photosynthesis
chlorophyll
true or false
photosynthetic protists also have chloroplasts
true
true or false
Some bacteria also perform photosynthesis, but they do not have chloroplasts
true
where are photosynthetic pigments are located
thylakoid membrane within the cell itself.
