The Cell: Parts and its Function Flashcards
who used a microscope to examine a thin slice of cork (dead plant cells)
Robert Hooke
when did Robert Hooke use a microscope to examine a thin slice of cork
1665
what did Robert Hooke see in the cork by using a microscope
small boces
what did hooke name these small boxes that he saw
cell
who was responsible for naming cells
Robert Hooke
why did Hooke call them “cells”
because they looked like small rooms monks lived in called Cells
when did Leeuwenhoek first viewed an organism
1673
who was the dutch microscope maker that was the first to view an organism
Leeuwenhoek
what did Leeuwenhoek see when he first viewed a microscope
organism
what did Leeuwenhoek use to view his sample
handheld microscope
what are the two samples did Leeuwenhoek use
pond water
scraping from his teeth
a German botanist who concluded that all plants were made of cells
Matthias Schleiden
when did Matthias Schleiden conclude that all plants were made of cells
1838
what did Matthias Schleiden conclude
that all plants were made of cells
what did Matthias Schleiden conclude
that all plants were made of cells
a botanist and a cofounder of the cell theory
Matthias Schleiden
a German zoologist who concluded that all animals were made of cells
Theodore Schwann
when did Theodore Schwann conclude that all animals were made of cells
1839
what did Theodore Schwann conclude
all animals were made of cells
a zoologist who is a cofounder of cell theory
Theodore Schwann
a German medical doctor
Rudolph Virchow
a zoologist
Theodore Schwann
a botanist
Matthias Schleiden
he reasoned that all cells come from other pre-existing cells by cell division
Rudolph Virchow
when did Rudolph Virchow observe cells dividing under the microscope
1855
what are all living things made out of
cells
True or False
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism (basic unit of life)
true
True or False
Cells are not the basic unit of structure and function in an organism (basic unit of life)
false
cells are the basic unit of?
structure and function
it is the basic unit of life
cells
where do cells come from
reproduction of existing cells or
cell division
True or False
cells are not merely blob-like units as they are often portrayed
true
True or False
cells are merely blob-like units as they are often portrayed
false
True or False
There are several differences on the appearance of cells wherein some are simple and some are complex
true
True or False
There are several similarities on the appearance of cells wherein some are simple and some are complex
false
True or False
The cells that can be found in the different tissues and organisms differ in shape.
true
True or False
The cells that can be found in the different tissues and organisms are the same in shape.
false
True or False
Cells differ in sizes, some are microscopic and only few are not.
true
True or False
Cells does not differ in sizes, all are microscopic
false
True or False
Most cells are limited in size by the ratio of their volume to their outer surface area
true
True or False
Most cells are not limited in size by the ratio of their volume to their outer surface area
false
True or False
As cell grows its volume, its volume increases faster than does its surface area.
true
True or False
As cell grows its force, its volume increases faster than does its surface area.
false
what increases by the cube
volume
what increases by the square.
surface area
two type of cells that differ greatly in terms of internal organization
prokaryotic cells
eukaryotic cells.
All cells share four common components:
a plasma membrane,
cytoplasm,
DNA,
ribosomes.
an outer covering that separates the cell’s interior from its surrounding environment
plasma membrane
consisting of a jelly-like region within the cell in which other cellular components are found
cytoplasm
genetic material of the cell
DNA
what has a cell wall made of peptidoglycan, comprised of sugars and amino acids, and many have a polysaccharide capsule
bacteria
what is the cell wall of the bacteria made of
peptidoglycan
and what is the cell of a bacteria it comprised of
sugars
amino acids
and many have a polysaccharide capsule
acts as an extra layer of protection
cell wall
helps the cell maintain its shape
cell wall
prevents dehydration
cell wall
what enables the cell to attach to surfaces in its environment
capsule
prokaryotic or eukaryotic
some have flagella, pili, or fimbriae
prokaryotic
prokaryotic or eukaryotic
some have flagella, pili, or fimbriae
prokaryotic
used for locomotion
Flagella
most are used to exchange genetic material during a type of reproduction
pili
what is the process of exchanging genetic material during a type of reproduction called
conjugation
True or False
the relationship between form and function is apparent at all levels, including the level of the cell,
true
True or False
the relationship between atoms and subatomic particles are apparent at all levels, including the level of the cell,
false
this means that one can deduce the function of a structure by looking at its form, because the two are matched
form follows function
a cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound compartments or sacs,
eukaryotic cell
other membrane-bound compartments or sacs which have specialized cellular functions
organelles
what does the word eukaryotic mean
true kernel or
true nucleus
what does the word “organelle” mean
“little organ,”
not as complex as eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic Cells
prokaryotic or eukaryotic
have no true nucleus as the DNA is not contained within a membrane or separated from the rest of the cell
prokaryotic
prokaryotic or eukaryotic
coiled up in a region of the cytoplasm called the nucleoid.
prokaryotic
prokaryotic or eukaryotic
have varying cell shapes
prokaryotic
most common bacteria shapes of prokaryotic cells
spherical
rod-shaped
spiral
prokaryotic or eukaryotic
organelles can be found in bacterial cell
prokaryotic
additional outer covering protects the cell when it is engulfed by other organisms
Capsule
assists in retaining moisture
Capsule
helps the cell adhere to surfaces and nutrients
Capsule
an outer covering that protects the bacterial cell and gives it shape
Cell Wall
a gel-like substance composed mainly of water that also contains enzymes, salts, cell components, and various organic molecules.
Cytoplasm
what is cytoplasm mostly composed of
water that also contains
enzymes
salts
cell components
various organic molecules
surrounds the cell’s cytoplasm and regulates the flow of substances in and out of the cell.
cell membrane or
Plasma Membrane
Hair-like structures on the surface of the cell that attach to other bacterial cells
Pili (Pilus singular)
singular form of pili
pilus
Shorter pili that help bacteria attach to surfaces.
fimbriae
long, whip-like protrusions that aid in cellular locomotion.
Flagella
cell structures responsible for protein production.
Ribosomes
gene-carrying, circular DNA structures that are not involved in reproduction.
Plasmids
area of the cytoplasm that contains the single bacterial DNA molecule.
Nucleoid Region
Prokaryotic cells lack organelles found in eukaryotic cells such as
mitochondria
endoplasmic reticuli
and Golgi complexes
what theory says that eukaryotic organelles are thought to have evolved from prokaryotic cells living in endosymbiotic relationships with one another.
Endosymbiotic Theory
have a more complex structure than do prokaryotic cells
eukaryotic cells
allow for various functions to occur in the cell at the same time
Organelles
two important components of the cell
plasma membrane
cytoplasm
plant cells or animal cells
have plasmodesmata, a cell wall, a large central vacuole, chloroplasts, and plastids
plant cells
have lysosomes and centrosomes
Animal cells
these cells have a plasma membrane (Figure 6) made up of a phospholipid bilayer
eukaryotic cells
separates the internal contents of the cell from its surrounding environment
phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
a lipid molecule composed of two fatty acid chains, a glycerol backbone, and a phosphate group.
phospholipid
regulates the passage of some substances, such as organic molecules, ions, and water, preventing the passage of some to maintain internal conditions, while actively bringing in or removing others
plasma membrane
what moves passively across the membrane.
Other compounds
it is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
plasma membrane
what can be found in the membrane in addition to phospholipids and protein
cholesterol
carbohydrates
plasma membranes of cells that specialize in absorption are folded into fingerlike projections
microvilli (singular = microvillus)
singular form of microvilli
microvillus
This folding increases the surface area of the plasma membrane
microvilli
cells are typically found lining the small intestine, the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food
microvilli
true or false
People with celiac disease have an immune response to gluten, which is a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye
true
true or false
People with celiac disease have an immune response to gluten, which is a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye
true
true or false
People with cardiovascular diseases have an immune response to gluten, which is a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye
false
true or false
The immune response damages microvilli
true
true or false
The immune response does not damage the microvilli
false
The immune response damages microvilli leads to
malnutrition, cramping, and diarrhea
Patients suffering from celiac disease must follow what diet
gluten-free diet
comprises the contents of a cell between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope
cytoplasm
made up of organelles suspended in the gel-like cytosol, the cytoskeleton, and various chemicals
Cytoplasm
the cytoplasm consists of how many percentage of water
70 to 80 percent
Even though this consists of 70 to 80 percent water, it has a semi-solid consistency, which comes from the proteins within it
Cytoplasm
organic molecules found in the cytoplasm
proteins
Glucose and other simple sugars,
polysaccharides,
amino acids,
nucleic acids,
fatty acids,
and derivatives of glycerol
what elements are dissolved in the cytoplasm
Ions of sodium,
potassium,
calcium
what takes place in the cytoplasm
metabolic reactions
protein synthesis
network of protein fibers is known as
cytoskeleton
three types of fibers within the cytoskeleton
microfilaments, also known as actin filaments
intermediate filaments
and microtubules
the thinnest of the cytoskeletal fibers and function in moving cellular components
Microfilaments
maintain the structure of microvilli, the extensive folding of the plasma membrane found in cells dedicated to absorption
Microfilaments
intermediate diameter and have structural functions, such as maintaining the shape of the cell and anchoring organelles
Intermediate filaments
replicates itself before a cell divides
centrosome
pulling the duplicated chromosomes to opposite ends of the dividing cell
centrioles
long, hair-like structures that extend from the plasma membrane and are used to move an entire cell, (for example, sperm, Euglena)
Flagella (singular = flagellum)
singular form of flagella
flagellum
short, hair-like structures that are used to move entire cells (such as paramecium) or move substances along the outer surface of the cell
cilia (singular = cilium)
singular form of cilia
cilium
a group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins.
endomembrane system
endo means
within
includes the nuclear envelope, lysosomes, vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus
Endomembrane System
what is included in the endomembrane system because it interacts with the other endomembranous organelles.
plasma membrane
houses the cell’s DNA in the form of chromatin and directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins
nucleus (plural = nuclei)
plural form of nucleus
nuclei
outermost boundary of the nucleus
nuclear envelope
the nuclear envelope consists of two phospholipid bilayers or membranes
outer membrane
inner membrane
consists of only one phospholipid bilayer
plasma membrane
The nuclear envelope is a what membrane structure
double membrane
The nuclear envelope is a what membrane structure
double membrane
what membranes of the nuclear envelope are phospholipid bilayers
inner and outer
what is the nuclear envelope is punctuated with
pores
