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Gen Bio Prelims > The Cell: Parts and its Function > Flashcards

The Cell: Parts and its Function Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

who used a microscope to examine a thin slice of cork (dead plant cells)

A

Robert Hooke

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2
Q

when did Robert Hooke use a microscope to examine a thin slice of cork

A

1665

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3
Q

what did Robert Hooke see in the cork by using a microscope

A

small boces

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4
Q

what did hooke name these small boxes that he saw

A

cell

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5
Q

who was responsible for naming cells

A

Robert Hooke

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6
Q

why did Hooke call them “cells”

A

because they looked like small rooms monks lived in called Cells

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7
Q

when did Leeuwenhoek first viewed an organism

A

1673

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8
Q

who was the dutch microscope maker that was the first to view an organism

A

Leeuwenhoek

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9
Q

what did Leeuwenhoek see when he first viewed a microscope

A

organism

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10
Q

what did Leeuwenhoek use to view his sample

A

handheld microscope

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11
Q

what are the two samples did Leeuwenhoek use

A

pond water
scraping from his teeth

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12
Q

a German botanist who concluded that all plants were made of cells

A

Matthias Schleiden

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13
Q

when did Matthias Schleiden conclude that all plants were made of cells

A

1838

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14
Q

what did Matthias Schleiden conclude

A

that all plants were made of cells

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15
Q

what did Matthias Schleiden conclude

A

that all plants were made of cells

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16
Q

a botanist and a cofounder of the cell theory

A

Matthias Schleiden

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17
Q

a German zoologist who concluded that all animals were made of cells

A

Theodore Schwann

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18
Q

when did Theodore Schwann conclude that all animals were made of cells

A

1839

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19
Q

what did Theodore Schwann conclude

A

all animals were made of cells

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20
Q

a zoologist who is a cofounder of cell theory

A

Theodore Schwann

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21
Q

a German medical doctor

A

Rudolph Virchow

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22
Q

a zoologist

A

Theodore Schwann

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23
Q

a botanist

A

Matthias Schleiden

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24
Q

he reasoned that all cells come from other pre-existing cells by cell division

A

Rudolph Virchow

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25
Q

when did Rudolph Virchow observe cells dividing under the microscope

A

1855

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26
Q

what are all living things made out of

A

cells

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27
Q

True or False

Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism (basic unit of life)

A

true

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28
Q

True or False

Cells are not the basic unit of structure and function in an organism (basic unit of life)

A

false

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29
Q

cells are the basic unit of?

A

structure and function

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30
Q

it is the basic unit of life

A

cells

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31
Q

where do cells come from

A

reproduction of existing cells or
cell division

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32
Q

True or False

cells are not merely blob-like units as they are often portrayed

A

true

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33
Q

True or False

cells are merely blob-like units as they are often portrayed

A

false

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34
Q

True or False

There are several differences on the appearance of cells wherein some are simple and some are complex

A

true

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35
Q

True or False

There are several similarities on the appearance of cells wherein some are simple and some are complex

A

false

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36
Q

True or False

The cells that can be found in the different tissues and organisms differ in shape.

A

true

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37
Q

True or False

The cells that can be found in the different tissues and organisms are the same in shape.

A

false

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38
Q

True or False

Cells differ in sizes, some are microscopic and only few are not.

A

true

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39
Q

True or False

Cells does not differ in sizes, all are microscopic

A

false

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40
Q

True or False

Most cells are limited in size by the ratio of their volume to their outer surface area

A

true

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41
Q

True or False

Most cells are not limited in size by the ratio of their volume to their outer surface area

A

false

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42
Q

True or False

As cell grows its volume, its volume increases faster than does its surface area.

A

true

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43
Q

True or False

As cell grows its force, its volume increases faster than does its surface area.

A

false

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44
Q

what increases by the cube

A

volume

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45
Q

what increases by the square.

A

surface area

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46
Q

two type of cells that differ greatly in terms of internal organization

A

prokaryotic cells
eukaryotic cells.

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47
Q

All cells share four common components:

A

a plasma membrane,
cytoplasm,
DNA,
ribosomes.

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48
Q

an outer covering that separates the cell’s interior from its surrounding environment

A

plasma membrane

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49
Q

consisting of a jelly-like region within the cell in which other cellular components are found

A

cytoplasm

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50
Q

genetic material of the cell

A

DNA

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51
Q

what has a cell wall made of peptidoglycan, comprised of sugars and amino acids, and many have a polysaccharide capsule

A

bacteria

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52
Q

what is the cell wall of the bacteria made of

A

peptidoglycan

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53
Q

and what is the cell of a bacteria it comprised of

A

sugars
amino acids
and many have a polysaccharide capsule

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54
Q

acts as an extra layer of protection

A

cell wall

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55
Q

helps the cell maintain its shape

A

cell wall

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56
Q

prevents dehydration

A

cell wall

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57
Q

what enables the cell to attach to surfaces in its environment

A

capsule

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58
Q

prokaryotic or eukaryotic

some have flagella, pili, or fimbriae

A

prokaryotic

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59
Q

prokaryotic or eukaryotic

some have flagella, pili, or fimbriae

A

prokaryotic

60
Q

used for locomotion

A

Flagella

61
Q

most are used to exchange genetic material during a type of reproduction

A

pili

62
Q

what is the process of exchanging genetic material during a type of reproduction called

A

conjugation

63
Q

True or False

the relationship between form and function is apparent at all levels, including the level of the cell,

A

true

64
Q

True or False

the relationship between atoms and subatomic particles are apparent at all levels, including the level of the cell,

A

false

65
Q

this means that one can deduce the function of a structure by looking at its form, because the two are matched

A

form follows function

66
Q

a cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound compartments or sacs,

A

eukaryotic cell

67
Q

other membrane-bound compartments or sacs which have specialized cellular functions

A

organelles

68
Q

what does the word eukaryotic mean

A

true kernel or
true nucleus

69
Q

what does the word “organelle” mean

A

“little organ,”

70
Q

not as complex as eukaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic Cells

71
Q

prokaryotic or eukaryotic

have no true nucleus as the DNA is not contained within a membrane or separated from the rest of the cell

A

prokaryotic

72
Q

prokaryotic or eukaryotic

coiled up in a region of the cytoplasm called the nucleoid.

A

prokaryotic

73
Q

prokaryotic or eukaryotic

have varying cell shapes

A

prokaryotic

74
Q

most common bacteria shapes of prokaryotic cells

A

spherical
rod-shaped
spiral

75
Q

prokaryotic or eukaryotic

organelles can be found in bacterial cell

A

prokaryotic

76
Q

additional outer covering protects the cell when it is engulfed by other organisms

A

Capsule

77
Q

assists in retaining moisture

A

Capsule

78
Q

helps the cell adhere to surfaces and nutrients

A

Capsule

79
Q

an outer covering that protects the bacterial cell and gives it shape

A

Cell Wall

80
Q

a gel-like substance composed mainly of water that also contains enzymes, salts, cell components, and various organic molecules.

A

Cytoplasm

81
Q

what is cytoplasm mostly composed of

A

water that also contains
enzymes
salts
cell components
various organic molecules

82
Q

surrounds the cell’s cytoplasm and regulates the flow of substances in and out of the cell.

A

cell membrane or
Plasma Membrane

83
Q

Hair-like structures on the surface of the cell that attach to other bacterial cells

A

Pili (Pilus singular)

84
Q

singular form of pili

A

pilus

85
Q

Shorter pili that help bacteria attach to surfaces.

A

fimbriae

86
Q

long, whip-like protrusions that aid in cellular locomotion.

A

Flagella

87
Q

cell structures responsible for protein production.

A

Ribosomes

88
Q

gene-carrying, circular DNA structures that are not involved in reproduction.

A

Plasmids

89
Q

area of the cytoplasm that contains the single bacterial DNA molecule.

A

Nucleoid Region

90
Q

Prokaryotic cells lack organelles found in eukaryotic cells such as

A

mitochondria
endoplasmic reticuli
and Golgi complexes

91
Q

what theory says that eukaryotic organelles are thought to have evolved from prokaryotic cells living in endosymbiotic relationships with one another.

A

Endosymbiotic Theory

92
Q

have a more complex structure than do prokaryotic cells

A

eukaryotic cells

93
Q

allow for various functions to occur in the cell at the same time

A

Organelles

94
Q

two important components of the cell

A

plasma membrane
cytoplasm

95
Q

plant cells or animal cells

have plasmodesmata, a cell wall, a large central vacuole, chloroplasts, and plastids

A

plant cells

96
Q

have lysosomes and centrosomes

A

Animal cells

97
Q

these cells have a plasma membrane (Figure 6) made up of a phospholipid bilayer

A

eukaryotic cells

98
Q

separates the internal contents of the cell from its surrounding environment

A

phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

99
Q

a lipid molecule composed of two fatty acid chains, a glycerol backbone, and a phosphate group.

A

phospholipid

100
Q

regulates the passage of some substances, such as organic molecules, ions, and water, preventing the passage of some to maintain internal conditions, while actively bringing in or removing others

A

plasma membrane

101
Q

what moves passively across the membrane.

A

Other compounds

102
Q

it is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

A

plasma membrane

103
Q

what can be found in the membrane in addition to phospholipids and protein

A

cholesterol
carbohydrates

104
Q

plasma membranes of cells that specialize in absorption are folded into fingerlike projections

A

microvilli (singular = microvillus)

105
Q

singular form of microvilli

A

microvillus

106
Q

This folding increases the surface area of the plasma membrane

A

microvilli

107
Q

cells are typically found lining the small intestine, the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food

A

microvilli

108
Q

true or false

People with celiac disease have an immune response to gluten, which is a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye

A

true

109
Q

true or false

People with celiac disease have an immune response to gluten, which is a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye

A

true

110
Q

true or false

People with cardiovascular diseases have an immune response to gluten, which is a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye

A

false

111
Q

true or false

The immune response damages microvilli

A

true

112
Q

true or false

The immune response does not damage the microvilli

A

false

113
Q

The immune response damages microvilli leads to

A

malnutrition, cramping, and diarrhea

114
Q

Patients suffering from celiac disease must follow what diet

A

gluten-free diet

115
Q

comprises the contents of a cell between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope

A

cytoplasm

116
Q

made up of organelles suspended in the gel-like cytosol, the cytoskeleton, and various chemicals

A

Cytoplasm

117
Q

the cytoplasm consists of how many percentage of water

A

70 to 80 percent

118
Q

Even though this consists of 70 to 80 percent water, it has a semi-solid consistency, which comes from the proteins within it

A

Cytoplasm

119
Q

organic molecules found in the cytoplasm

A

proteins
Glucose and other simple sugars,
polysaccharides,
amino acids,
nucleic acids,
fatty acids,
and derivatives of glycerol

120
Q

what elements are dissolved in the cytoplasm

A

Ions of sodium,
potassium,
calcium

121
Q

what takes place in the cytoplasm

A

metabolic reactions
protein synthesis

122
Q

network of protein fibers is known as

A

cytoskeleton

123
Q

three types of fibers within the cytoskeleton

A

microfilaments, also known as actin filaments
intermediate filaments
and microtubules

124
Q

the thinnest of the cytoskeletal fibers and function in moving cellular components

A

Microfilaments

125
Q

maintain the structure of microvilli, the extensive folding of the plasma membrane found in cells dedicated to absorption

A

Microfilaments

126
Q

intermediate diameter and have structural functions, such as maintaining the shape of the cell and anchoring organelles

A

Intermediate filaments

127
Q

replicates itself before a cell divides

A

centrosome

128
Q

pulling the duplicated chromosomes to opposite ends of the dividing cell

A

centrioles

129
Q

long, hair-like structures that extend from the plasma membrane and are used to move an entire cell, (for example, sperm, Euglena)

A

Flagella (singular = flagellum)

130
Q

singular form of flagella

A

flagellum

131
Q

short, hair-like structures that are used to move entire cells (such as paramecium) or move substances along the outer surface of the cell

A

cilia (singular = cilium)

132
Q

singular form of cilia

A

cilium

133
Q

a group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins.

A

endomembrane system

134
Q

endo means

A

within

135
Q

includes the nuclear envelope, lysosomes, vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus

A

Endomembrane System

136
Q

what is included in the endomembrane system because it interacts with the other endomembranous organelles.

A

plasma membrane

137
Q

houses the cell’s DNA in the form of chromatin and directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins

A

nucleus (plural = nuclei)

138
Q

plural form of nucleus

A

nuclei

139
Q

outermost boundary of the nucleus

A

nuclear envelope

140
Q

the nuclear envelope consists of two phospholipid bilayers or membranes

A

outer membrane
inner membrane

141
Q

consists of only one phospholipid bilayer

A

plasma membrane

142
Q

The nuclear envelope is a what membrane structure

A

double membrane

143
Q

The nuclear envelope is a what membrane structure

A

double membrane

144
Q

what membranes of the nuclear envelope are phospholipid bilayers

A

inner and outer

145
Q

what is the nuclear envelope is punctuated with

A

pores

Gen Bio Prelims (5 decks)

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