The Cell & Cellular Respiration

Question 1

Manufacturing: What is the endomembrane system?

Answer 1

It is all the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell.

Question 2

Manufacturing: What is the Nucleus?

Answer 2

It is the largest organelle which makes cell division, stores information for the making and running of a cell.

Question 3

Manufacturing: What is the nuclear membrane?

Answer 3

Acts as a barrier that separates the contents of the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Has pores to pass molecules; RNA, proteins, ribosomal subunits. ONLY present in interphase

Question 4

Manufacturing: What is the Nucleolus?

Answer 4

In the nucleus, it builds the ribosomal subunits and uses RNA

Question 5

Manufacturing: What is a Ribosomes?

Answer 5

It makes proteins, has no membrane, and is both free (in cytoplasm) or bound (in ER).

Question 6

Manufacturing: What is the Rough ER

Answer 6

Has ribosomes, hence rough ER, it makes proteins for export

Question 7

Manufacturing: What is the Smooth ER

Answer 7

Makes, stores, and exports: lipids, detoxifies poison/drugs, and stores carbohydrates (glycogen).

Question 8

Manufacturing: What is the Golgi Complex

Answer 8

Transport, sorting, and modification of both protein and lipids.

Question 9

Transport/breakdown/storage: What is the vesicle?

Answer 9

Helps transport materials that an organism needs to survive and recycle waste material.

Question 10

Transport/breakdown/storage: What is the vacuole

Answer 10

Membrane sack that handles waste products
In animals: food vacuole (intake food) and contractile vacuole (pumps out water)
In plants: central vacuole (stores molecules – proteins, toxins, inorganic ions, pigments)

Question 11

Transport/breakdown/storage: What is the lysosome?

Answer 11

Works as the digestive system of the cell made by ER & Golgi Body,
Macrophages: animal lysosome that destroys invaders (part of immune system)

Question 12

Energy Use: What is the Mitochondria?

Answer 12

Generates most of the chemical energy – where ATP is produced
Site of cellular respiration

Question 13

Energy Use: What is the glucose used for?

Answer 13

It is the ATP; main source of fuel for our cells.
Body uses ATP as immediate source of energy (gained by adding and removing phosphate)

Question 14

Energy Use: In ANIMAL cell

Answer 14

Default energy route is carbohydrates, use lipids under duress, proteins (under normal circumstances) never a source.

Question 15

Energy Use: In PLANT cells

Answer 15

They use Chloroplast and Photosynthesis.

Question 16

Energy Use: What is Photosynthesis (Plant Cells)?

Answer 16

It requires chloroplast, light, H2O, and CO2 and is the process by which plants make sugars.
6 CO2 + 6 H2O = C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Question 17

Energy Use: What is Chloroplast (Plant Cells)?

Answer 17

Made independently – have their own DNA, RNA, ribosomes and proteins. Increase in number by self-division.

Question 18

Internal & External Support for the Cell: What is the Extracellular Matric (ECM)?

Answer 18

It supports, adheres cells together, and movement tracks for cell migration.

Question 19

Internal & External Support for the Cell: What is Collagen?

Answer 19

Most abundant protein of ECM. It is present in the dermis of skin and provides strong, durable support for overlying epidermis.

Question 20

Internal & External Support for the Cell: What is Fibronectin?

Answer 20

Cells are attached to ECM by these through surface receptor proteins (integrins) that are built into plasma membrane.

Question 21

Internal & External Support for the Cell: What is the Cytoskeleton?

Answer 21

A network of fibers in the cytoplasm used for the support and movement – motor proteins.

Question 22

What are the parts of the cytoskeleton and what do they do?

Answer 22

1) Microtubules: Found in centrioles and cilia structure & flagella (sperm). Core used for locomotion & moving liquid across surfaces.
2) Microfilaments: Made of actin & myosin, they help with muscles, amoeba, and single-celled organisms.
3) Intermediate filaments: they’re tension-bearing and reinforce cell shape. Protection – hair, nails, feathers.

Question 23

Cell-to-cell attachments: What are they?

Answer 23

Cells are attached together by 2 proteins, cadherins, or integrins.

Question 24

What are the 3 types of cell junctions?

Answer 24

1) Tight junctions: as if the cells are sewn together – any transportation is through a special molecule preventing extracellular fluid from circulating.
2) Desmosomes: ‘button-like’ rivets that attach the 2 plasma membranes together w/intermediate filaments.
3) Gap Junctions: Permits material to transfer directly from one cell to another – used for communication.