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Physiology > The Cell And Its Functions > Flashcards

The Cell And Its Functions Flashcards

1
Q

2 major parts of a cell

A
  1. nucleus

2. cytoplasm

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2
Q

nucleus separated from cytoplasm by

A

nuclear membrane

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3
Q

cytoplasm separated from the surrounding fluids

A

cell membrane or plasma membrane

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4
Q

different substances that make up the cell are called

A

protoplasm

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5
Q

protoplasm consist of

A
  1. water
  2. electrolytes
  3. proteins
  4. lipids
  5. carbohydrates
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6
Q

water is absent in which cells

A

fat cells

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7
Q

principal fluid medium of the cell

A

water in a concentration of 70-85%

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8
Q

ions present in the cell

A

phosphate, potassium, magnesium, sulfate, bicarbonate and small quantities of calcium, sodium, chloride.

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9
Q

most abundant substance present in the cell after water

A

proteins constituting 10-20% of cell mass

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10
Q

2 types of proteins

A

structural proteins

functional proteins

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11
Q

form of structural proteins

A

long filaments that are polymers of individual protein molecules.

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12
Q

function of structural protein

A
  1. microtubules: cytoskeleton for cellular organelles as cilia, nerve axon, mitotic spindle and a tangled mass of thin filamentous tubules that hold parts of the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm in place.
  2. fibrillar protein: present outside the cell especially in the collagen and elastin fibres of connective tissue and in blood vessels walls, tendons, ligaments and so forth
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13
Q

form of structural proteins

A

composed of a combination of few molecules in tubular-globular Form. they are mobile on cell fluid. and adherent to membranous structures in the cells.

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14
Q

function of functional proteins

A

enzymes of the cells: come into direct contact with cellular fluid and catalyze intracellular chemical reactions

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15
Q

Subtances with the property of being soluble in fat solvent

A

lipids

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16
Q

main lipids

A
  1. cholesterol
  2. phospholipids
    they make up 2% of cell mass
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17
Q

cell membrane

A

lipid bilayer the envelopes the cell within which proteins are embedded also called “fluid mosaic model”

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18
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

a network of tubular and flat vesicular structures in the cytoplasm.

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19
Q

nucleus

A

control center of the cell containing DNA which are the genes that determines the characteristics of the proteins and also promotes cell reproduction

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20
Q

2 types of endoplasmic reticulum

A
  1. granular ER

2. agranular (smooth)ER

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21
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

it is the process by which ATP is synthesized in the mitochondria by respiratory enzymes

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22
Q

phagocytosis

A

is a form of endocytosis where in large particles are ingested such as bacteria, damaged tissue etc.

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23
Q

pinocytosis

A

is a form of endocytosis where in minute particles are ingested that form vesicles of extracellular fluid and particulates constituents inside the cell cytoplasm

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24
Q

triglycerides

A

type of lipid called neutral fats some cells contain large amounts of it eg. fat cells makes up 95%of the cells mass.

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25
Q

function of fat cells

A

fats stored in these cells is main storehouse for energy giving nutrients that can be later used to provide energy to the body whenever needed

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26
Q

amount of carbohydrates present in the body

A

mains small amounts of carbohydrates about 1% of their total mass but can also increase to as much as 3% in muscles cells and even 6% in liver cells

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27
Q

forms of carbohydrates in the body

A

as glycoprotein , glycolipids, in the form of glucose in the extracellular fluid so that it is readily available, and within the cell in the form of glycogen.

28
Q

glycogen

A

are insoluble polymers of glucose that can be depolymerized and used rapidly to supply cells energy needs.

29
Q

highly organized physical structures contained by the cells

A

intracellular organelles

30
Q

function of lipids in the cell membrane

A

to prevent the flow of water soluble subtances and water through the membrane

31
Q

characteristics of the cell membrane

A

also know as plasma membrane envelopes cell is thin pliable and about 7.5-10nm thick contains 55% proteins, 25% phospholipids, 13% cholesterol, 4% other lipids, 3% carbohydrates

32
Q

basic lipid bilayer is composed of

A

phospholipids, cholesterol, sphingolipids.

33
Q

structure of phospholipids

A

are made up on a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic part the phosphate portion is the hydrophilic part and the fatty acid portion is the hydrophobic part

34
Q

how are phospholipids arranged in the membrane

A

the fatty acids portion since it is hydrophilic and repels water they are mutually attracted to one another and have a natural tendency to attach in the middle of the membrane . thus the phosphate portion makes up the two surfaces in contact with intracellular fluids and extracellular fluid.

35
Q

subtances permeable through the lipid layer

A

Carbon dioxide, oxygen, alcohol

36
Q

subtances impermeable to the lipid layer

A

ions, glucose, and urea

37
Q

what are sphingolipids

A

derived from an amino alcohol sphingosine. it has a hydrophilic and hydrophobic part. it is present in small amounts in the membrane especially in Nerve cells

38
Q

function of sphingolipids

A
  1. protection from environmental factors
  2. conduction of signals
  3. adhesion sites for extracellular proteins
39
Q

why are cholesterol called lipids

A

because their steroid nuclei dissolved in fat soluble solvent.

40
Q

function of cholesterol

A

molecules are dissolved in the bilayer some important functions are

  1. determines degree of permeability of the membrane to water soluble subtances
  2. controls much of the fluidity of the cells walls
41
Q

two types of protein present in the membrane

A

proteins are in the form of glycoprotein

  1. integral proteins
  2. peripheral proteins
42
Q

what are integral proteins

A

proteins that penetrate all the way through the membrane and protrude from both sides

43
Q

peripheral proteins

A

present only on one of the surfaces of the membrane they do not penetrate through it

44
Q

function of integral proteins

A
  1. structural channels
  2. carrier proteins
  3. enzymes
  4. receptors
45
Q

how do integral proteins act as structural channels

A

these proteins allow the diffusion of water soluble substances like ions through the lipid membrane. these channels have selective properties that allow preferential diffusion of some substances over others.

46
Q

carrier proteins

A

transport substances that otherwise cannot penetrate through the lipid bilayer. sometimes these proteins carry substances against their electrochemical gradient this is called “active transport”

47
Q

how do proteins serve as receptor’s

A

proteins act as receptor’s to water soluble chemicals like peptide hormones . interaction of receptor with specific ligands that bind to the receptor cause conformational changes in its structure this enzymatically activate the interior part of the protein or induce interaction between the receptor and proteins in the cytoplasm that act as second messenger

48
Q

function of peripheral proteins

A

enzymes and controllers of transport of subtances

49
Q

in what form does carbohydrates occur

A

occur with proteins and lipids in the form of glycoproteins or glycolipids

50
Q

proteoglycan

A

are carbohydrate subtances bound to a small protein core. which are loosely attached to the outer surface of the cell membrane

51
Q

glycocalyx

A

is a loose carbohydrate coat present on the entire outer surface of the cell membrane

52
Q

function of the carbohydrate moieties on the surface of the membrane

A
  1. most of them carry a -ve charge which give the overall surface a -ve charge which repels other-ve objects
  2. glycocalyx of one cell attaches to the glycocalyx of another
  3. acts as receptor substances and binds to hormones
  4. some enter into immune reaction
53
Q

jelly like fluid portion of the cytoplasm

A

cytosol

54
Q

content of the cytosol

A

proteins, electrolytes, glucose

55
Q

organelles dispersed in the cytoplasm

A

ribosomes, glycogen granules, secretory vesicles, neutral fat globules and the five most important organelles: mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, peroxisomes, Golgi apparatus

56
Q

structure and characteristics of the endoplasmic reticulum

A

made up of tubular and flat vesicles structures that are interconnected. wall constructed of lipid bilayer membrane. total surface area can be as much as 30-40times the cells surface.its is filled with endoplasmic matrix. space inside the ER is connected with the space between the 2 membranes of the nucleus.

57
Q

function of ER

A

Help process substances formed by cells and then transport it to it specific destination inside or outside the cell.

58
Q

granular ER

A

on the outside surface of many parts of the ER are attached minute granules called ribosomes. help synthesize proteins

59
Q

composition and function of ribosomes

A

consist of RNA and proteins and function to synthesize new protein molecules

60
Q

agranular /smooth ER

A

has no attached ribosomes. function to synthesize lipid molecules

61
Q

structure of Golgi apparatus

A

consist of 4or more flat, thin enclosed vesicles lying to one side of the nucleus. more prominent in secretory cell and are present on the side from where secretory fluids are extruded

62
Q

vesicles pinched of from the ER

A

transport vesicles/ ER vesicles

63
Q

function of Golgi apparatus

A

functions in association with ER. transport vesicles come and fuse with the Golgi apparatus . substance in the vesicles are then processed by the Golgi apparatus to form lysosomes, secretory vesicles and other cytoplasmic components.

64
Q

how are lysosomes formed

A

they are organelles formed by breaking off from the Golgi apparatus and dispersed into the cytoplasm.

65
Q

function of the lysosomes

A

they act as a digestive system and digest:

  1. damaged cellular structure
  2. food particles ingested by the cell
  3. unwanted matter like bacteria

Physiology (19 decks)

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