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the cell and functions of the cell :) Flashcards

exam prep for april

1
Q

What does the term ‘MRS GERM’ mean in terms of the cell and explain what each letter stands for?

A

Mrs germ is a way we remember the characteristics of life.
Movement
respiration
sensitivity and adaptation
Growth
excretion
reproduction
metabolism

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2
Q

What is a cell?

A

it is the most basic structural and functional unit of an organism.

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3
Q

What is the study of the cell called?

A

cytology

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4
Q

What is an organelle?

A

An organelle is a small organ that carries out specific function within the cell

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5
Q

Where is the organelle found?

A

its found in the cytoplasm

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6
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

a jelly like substance that provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place

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7
Q

Function of the cytoplasm?

A

Holds the organelles but also maintains pressure within the cell

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8
Q

What is DNA?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule that contains genetically unique information

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9
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46 per cell (23 egg + 23 sperm)

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10
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

The cell membrane acts as a barrier for the cell from the external environment .

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11
Q

what is the function of the cell membrane?

A

it is for protection of the cell. It is semi-permeable, meaning it allows some substances to enter the cell but not all.

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12
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

This is the brain of the cell that contains DNA (genes)bound together by the neculear membrane.

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13
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

strores DNA which aids in reproduction, growth and repair

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14
Q

What is the nuclear membrane?

A

the nuclear membrane surrounds the nucleus. It seperates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm

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15
Q

What is the function of the nuclear membrane?

A

protecting the DNA from chemical reactions within the cell

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16
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

The mitochondria is the organelle responsible for cellular respiration. This is the energy source of the cell,.

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17
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

It converts food into energy usable for the body (known as ATP).

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18
Q

NICKNAME OF THE PARTS:
Nickname for: cell membrane?
Nickname for: nucleus?
Nickname for:mitocondria?

A

cell membrane: security guard
nucleus: control centre of the cell
mitochondria: powerhouse of the cell

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19
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis in the cell. The

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20
Q

Where are ribosomes found?

A

floating in the cytoplasm

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21
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

The protein it produces is needed for hormone production, enzyme production etc

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22
Q

What is ER?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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23
Q

List the types of ER?

A

Two:
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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24
Q

What is the functions of ER?

A

ER acts as transport systems in the cell for the newly synthesised proteins and lipids

25
Q

where is ER found?

A

close to the nucleus

26
Q

explain the difference between smooth ER and rough ER?

A

ROUGH ER:
ribosomes attached to it - transports proteins
SMOOTH ER:
No ribosomes attached - synthesises and transports lipids and steroids

27
Q

What is the golgi body?

A

an organelle that is made up of stacked flattened sacs of cytoplasm

28
Q

What is the function of the golgi body?

A

Packages and modifies proteins for use (inside and outside of the cell).
->Packages the protein from the rough ER into membrane-bound vesicles.

29
Q

NICKNAMES OF THE PARTS:
Nickname for: mitochondria?
Nickname for: ER?
Nickname for: golgi body?

A

Mitochondria: powerhouse of the cell
ER: transport system of the cell
Gogli body: post office of the cell

30
Q

What is lysosome?

A

Lysosome contains digestive enzymes which help digest material taken in from the cell such as bacteria.

31
Q

What is the function of the lysosome?

A

Digests unwanted waste materials in the cytoplasm.

32
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

In the nucleolus is found inside the nucleus which contains tightly packed DNA.

33
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

its function is to make semi completed ribosomes.

34
Q

List the function of the following parts:
Vacuole?
Cilia?
Flagella?

A

Vacuole: Storage site for water and waste

Cilia: hair like fibres that sweep fluids and particles like mucus and dust to prevent it getting into the body

Flagella: Tail like structure, only found on a sperm cell

35
Q

Name four type of cells in the body?

A

-> Nerve cell
-> Sperm cell
-> red blood cells
-> white blood cells

36
Q

Name the main two groups that cells fall into?

A

somatic (body cells ie skin cells etc) + gametes (sex cells ie sperm and egg)

37
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment, even in situations where the external environment is changing = is called homeostasis.

38
Q

What part of the body is in charge of homeostasis?

A

the hypothalamus

39
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

Thermoregulation refers to how the body maintains its internal temperature

40
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

The process by which an organism regulates the water balance in its body and maintains the homeostasis of the body

41
Q

What is metabolism?

A

metabolism is the total of all the chemical reactions that take place in the cell.

42
Q

What are the types of metabolism?

A

Anabolism and catabolism

43
Q

Explain what is meant by Anabolism?

A

The building up of simple molecules into more complex ones. Requires energy. E.g building new cells, tissues. Growth and repair. Protein synthesis​

44
Q

Explain what is meant by catabolism?

A

The breaking down of complex molecules into more simpler ones. Produces energy. E.g Respiration, digestion of food. ​

45
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Cellular Respiration is the controlled release of energy from food in the presence of oxygen.​

46
Q

What is the chemical formula for the release of energy during cellular respiration?

A

C6H1206 + 6O2 ——-> 6CO2 +6H2O
(glucose = oxygen —> carbon dioxide and water.

47
Q

Molecules pass into cells through various methods: name them?

A
  1. active transport
  2. osmosis
  3. Diffusion
48
Q

differentiate between active and passive transport?

A

Active transport requires energy and passive transport does not.

49
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration (i.e. down a concentration gradient); ​

50
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of water molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration through a partially permeable membrane, such as the cell membrane.​

51
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration (against the gradient)​

52
Q

Give one example of each:
osmosis:
active transport:
diffusion:

A

osmosis: kidney dialysis
active transport: movement of proteins
diffusion: perfume in a room

53
Q

What are two ways cells can divide?

A

meiosis and mitosis

54
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells. ​

55
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Mitosis is the continuous process of making new cells for growth and repair and in order for life to continue when old cells die

56
Q

Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis in terms of: function?

A

Mitosis: growth and repair of cells

Meiosis: production of gametes such as sperm and eggs

57
Q

Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis in terms of:DNA

A

Mitosis: Genetically identical

Meiosis: Half DNA, not identical

58
Q

Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis in terms of: set of chromosomes?

A

Mitosis: diploid (two sets)

Meiosis: haploid (one set)

59
Q

Which is Asexual: mitosis or meiosis?

A and P :) (1 decks)

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