The Cell: An Overview Flashcards
Smallest unit with the capacity to live and reproduce, all include the four basic features of plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes
The cell
A complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA whose molecules consist of nucleotides linked together
Nucleic Acids
the large double stranded, helical molecule that contains genetic material of all living things.
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
A polymer Assembled from Repeating nucleotide monomers in which the five carbon sugar is ribose
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
What makes up DNA?
Nitrogen base (connected at the 1’), phosphate group (5), and deoxyribose
Technique for producing visible images of objects that are too small to be seen by the human eye
Microscopy
Outer limit of the cytoplasm responsible for The regulation of substance is moving into and out of cells. Selectively permeable, made up of a bi-lipid layer and embedded proteins
Plasma membrane/cell membrane
A protein embedded in the cell membrane that forms a channel allowing selected polar molecules and ions to pass across the membrane
Transport proteins
A membrane with two molecular layers
Bilayer
Nonpolar substances that are excluded by water and other polar molecules
Hydrophobic
Polar substances that are attracted to water and other polar molecules
Hydrophilic
A unit containing the code for a protein molecule or one of its parts, or for functioning RNA molecules such as tRNA and rRNA
Gene
All parts of the cell that’s around the central nuclear or nucleoid region
Cytoplasm
Intracellular movement of cytoplasm
Cytoplasmic streaming
Aqueous solution in the cytoplasm containing ions and various organic molecules
Cytosol
In eukaryotes a collection of interrelated internal membranous sacs that divide a cell into functional and structural compartments
Endomembrane system
The nucleus and other specialized internal structures and compartment of eucaryotic cells
Organelles
The interconnected system of protein fibres and tubes that extend from the cytoplasm of the eukaryotic cell
Cytoskeleton
Lacks a membrane bound nucleus
Prokaryote
Chain with more than 10 length monosaccharide subunits
Polysaccharide
A carbohydrate Coat covering the cell surface
Glycocalyx
A coat typically composed of polysaccharides that is loosely associated with bacterial cells
Slime layer
External layer polysaccharides around the cell wall in many prokaryotes
Capsule
a long thread like cellular appendage responsible for movement found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Flagella
I hair or hair like appendage on the surface of a prokaryote
Pili
Hairlike organelles used for movement and sensing
Cilia
Plastic containing red and yellow pigment happens in plants to attract animals for pollination
Chromoplast
Large water filled organelle in plants cells and maintains turgor pressure of cell and controls of molecule movement
Central vacuole
Cytoplasmic organelles the palms fluid from inside the cell to various points at the surface
Contractile vacuole
How to give support in shape to the cell (only eucaryotic cells)
Microtubules
How contract muscles in animals, assists separating of cytoplasm when a cell divides
Microfilaments
Organelle found in eukaryote cells, distributes proteins
Golgi apparatus
Membrane bound vesicle containing enzymes for the digestion of complex molecules
Lysosome
Plastid found in plant cells, store oil, starch, or protein
Leucoplast
A ribonucleoprotein particle that carries out protein synthesis by translating mRNA into chains of amino acids
Ribosomes
In eukaryotes, responsible for synthesizing, transporting, and initial modification of protein and lipids
Endoplasmic reticulum
What are the current seven characteristics of living things
Order/Organization, utilize energy, reproduce, respond to stimuli, exhibit homeostasis, growth and development, and evolve
Member in separating nucleus from the cytoplasm
Nuclear envelope
Central region of a prokaryote with no boundary membrane separating it from the cytoplasm, where DNA replication and RNA transcription occurs
Nucleoid
Small dense spherical structure surrounding the nucleus of a cell undergoing interphase. Where genes are coded for the rRNA molecules of ribosomes.
Nucleolus
A molecule that contains both an amino and a carboxyl group
Amino acid
Energy for the body
Adenosine triphosphate
Cylindrical structure consisting of nine triplets of microtubules in the centtrosome of most most animal cells
Centriole
What are the three components of Cell theory
A cell is the most basic unit or fundamental working unit of life
All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
All cells come from existing cells
Why are most cells small
The surface area to volume ratio. The volume of the cell would increase more rapidly than the surface area, limiting the exchange of substances between the cell and the environment
What is the structure and function of the plasma membrane?
The outer limit of the cytoplasm, a bilayer made of lipids with embedded protein molecules. Selectively permeable membrane that separates a cells content from the surrounding environment and regulates passage of substances into and out of the cell
what is the Basic structure of a ribosome?
Consists of a large subunit and a small subunit (left to right labelled, E, P, A). Eukaryotic ribosomes are larger than bacteria or Archaea ribosomes.
Large cylindrical structures formed of many types of proteins
Nucleoporins
Made up of many nucleoporins
Nuclear pore complexes
What is the difference of the rough ER and smooth ER and what is the function of both?
Smooth ER: Synthesizes lipids for the cell membrane. Contains enzymes that convert drugs, poisons, and toxic into tolerated & easily removed substances
Rough ER: Modification of proteins, such as addition of carbohydrate groups to produce glycoproteins which occur in the lumen. The proteins are delivered in small Vesicles that join other organelles. Most of these go to the Golgi complex which packages and source them for delivery to their final destination
Consists of a stack of flattened, membranous sacs known as cisternae. Has three functions, glycosylation, protein sorting, and secretion
Golgi Complex (Golgi body, or Golgi apparatus)
Only in animal cells, membrane Found vesicles that contain more than 30 enzymes for the digestion of many complex molecules. Formed by burning from the Golgi complex
Lysosomes
What are the three components of the cytoskeleton
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
What is responsible for the synthesis of most of the ATP in eukaryotic cells?
Mitochondria
(Plant cells only) A channel through the cell wall that allows molecules and substances to move back-and-forth as needed.
Plasmodesmata
Usually lens or disc shaped and are surrounded by smooth outer boundary membrane and an inner boundary. (Hint- there are three of them)
Plastids:
Chloroplast
Chromoplast
Leucoplast
Site of photosynthesis in plants.
Choloroplasts
Third membrane system that consists of flattened close to Sacs. The site of light reaction
Thylakoid
What are the components of the endomembrane system?
Plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complex
What do Motor proteins do?
Motor proteins “walk” chromosomes to either side of chromosome during anaphase
A polysaccharide that contains nitrogen and is present in the cell wall of fungi and exoskeletons of Arthropods
Chitin
A combination of protein and DNA, found in the nucleus
Chromatin
A cell surface protein responsible for selectively binding cells together
Cell adhesion molecules
An organism and its Early stage of reproductive development, beginning in the first moments after fertilization
Embryo
In a compartment of a chloroplast, enclosed by two boundary membranes and containing a third membrane system.
Stroma
Thylakoids stacked on top of each other
Grana
Membranous channels and vesicles that make up the endoplasmic reticulum
Cisternae
Inner most compartment of the mitochondria
Mitochondrial matrix
Junction that “welds” adjacent cells together
Anchoring junctions
Region of a tight connection between membranes adjacent cells, Seals the space between inner organs
Tight junctions
A Junction that opens direct channels allowing ions and small molecules to pass directly from one cell to another
Gap junctions
