Defining Life And Its Origin Flashcards
Biological, often in reference to living components of the environment
Biotic
Non-biological, often in reference to physical factors in the environment
Abiotic
Properties that a complex system has but the individual members do not have
Emergent properties
In space, where life is possible
Habitable zone
What is the Oparin- Haldane Hypothesis?
The organic molecules that form the building blocks of life, such as amino acids, could have formed given the condition that prevailed in primitive earth. Supported by Miller-Urey experiment
Developed after oxygen levels in the atmosphere began to increase, absorbs most of the ultraviolet radiation from the sun
Ozone
A group of abiotically produced organic molecules that are surrounded by a membrane or membrane like structure
Protobiont
A lipid vesicle in which the lipid molecules form a bilayer very similar to a cell membrane
Liposome
The mechanism by which the information encoded in DNA is made into a complementary RNA copy
Transcription
The use of information encoded in the RNA to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide
Translation
An RNA based catalyst that is part of the bio chemical machinery of all cells
Ribozymes
The bio chemical reactions that allow a cell or organism to extract energy from it surrounding, they use that Energy to maintain itself, grow, and reproduce
Metabolism
A substance that has electrons removed
Oxidize
A substance that receives electrons
Reduce
An organism that the rise in extreme environments
Extremophile
An organism that obtains energy from light
Phototroph
The hypothesis that very simple forms of life are present in space and seated earth soon after cooled
Panspermia
Branch of biology concerned with the study of life on earth and in space
Astrobiology
A symbiotic association in which one partner lives inside the other
Endosymbiosis
An interspecific interaction in which the ecological relations of two or more species are intimately tied together
Symbiosis
The entire collection of DNA sequence or given organism
Genome
Some protein coding genes that were once part of the chloroplast or mitochondrial genome have been relocated to the nuclear genome; centralizing genetic information in one place
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Why are viruses not considered to be true living organisms
They cannot synthesize their own proteins; they have to have a host in order to reproduce
What is the deep-sea vent hypothesis?
Diapers chemicals in bedded by the vent, the gradient of temperature in the immense pressure could result in organic compounds being produced
Describe the extra terrestrial hypothesis
Complex organic compounds or even life on earth came from Outer space via meteorite
Describe the impact of oxygenic photosynthesis on evolution of life
the ability to oxidize water. The abundance of cyanobacteria on the planet exploded and he quickly became a dominant form of life. Oxygen began to accumulate in the atmosphere
Describe the lines of evidence that support the Endo symbiotic theory of the origin and evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts
Morphology: similar size and shape to bacteria
Reproduction: both divide by binary fission (cell cannot assemble new mitochondria or chloroplasts)
Genetic information:both organelles contain their own DNA, simmer to sequence and organization of bacterial DNA
Transcription translation: produce RNA and proteins based on DNA sequences; 70S
Ribosomes: both contain them, are most similar to those of bacteria
A species that is fed upon by a parasite
Host
Fossilized remains of ancient cyanobacteria mats that carried out photosynthesis by the water spilling reaction
Stromatolite
A dating method that uses measurements of certain radioactive isotopes to calculate the absolute ages in years of rocks and minerals
Radiometric Dating
The time it takes for half of a given amount of radioisotope to decay
Half-life
Inheritance from one generation to the next
Vertical gene transfer
Movement of genetic material between organisms other than by the descent
Horizontal gene transfer
