The Cell A

Question 1

what does it mean if something is smaller than a cell

Answer 1

it is not alive, cell is the smallest unit of life

Question 2

what is the range of cell size

Answer 2

8 to 100 um

Question 3

if an organism is bigger does that mean their cells are bigger

Answer 3

larger organisms do not generally have larger cells than smaller orgsnisms, simply more cells

Question 4

why are cells so small

Answer 4

because as cell size increases, the metabolic needs of the cell increases
-the surface area (pm) is smaller than the volume so it can’t meet the demands

Question 5

what does having a smaller volume mean for a cell

Answer 5

less metabolic demands but also less surface area to transport materials in and out

Question 6

why is cell size limited

Answer 6

because of requirements of homeostasis

Question 7

what is the range of size for prokaryotic cells

Answer 7

1-10 um

Question 8

how do you classify organisms in the bacteria domain

Answer 8

using the gram test

Question 9

what are the functions of cell walls

Answer 9

rigidity
protection from bursting
cell wall composed of peptidoglycan (protein + carb)

Question 10

what are characteristics of gram positive bacteria

Answer 10

stain blue/purple
have a thick peptidoglycan layer after the plasma membrane

Question 11

what are the characteristics of a gram negative bacteria

Answer 11

stain red
have a thin peptidoglycan layer
have an extra outer membrane

Question 12

do antibiotics have a harder time going through gram + or - bacteria

Answer 12

gram - (extra outer membrane)

Question 13

what are the functions of capsule on prokaryotes

Answer 13

-prevents the cell drying
-helps cell adhere to things
-protects cell from white blood cells (no antigens so w.b.c. can’t recognize it as enemy)

Question 14

what are three characteristics of the domain archaea

Answer 14

-have histones (proteins) associated with dna like eukaryotic cells
-have s layer on cell surface
-have a cell wall (no peptidoglycan)

Question 15

what is the main goal of bacteria

Answer 15

decomposition

Question 16

what is the s layer on archaea composed of

Answer 16

glycosylated proteins (have glucose)

Question 17

what are the two major categories of organelles

Answer 17

membranous organelles
non membranous organelles

Question 18

what are examples of membranous organelles

Answer 18

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
smooth and rough ER, golgi, vesicles, lysosomes, peroxisome, mitochondria, chloroplast, vacuoles

Question 19

examples of non membranous components

Answer 19

nucleolus, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, centrosome, cilia, flagella, cell junctions, cell wall, extracellular matrix

Question 20

why is the plasma membrane important

Answer 20

to regulate movement in and out of the cell
the maintain the interior environment balanced (critical for cell processes and function)

Question 21

what are the functions of the plasma membrane

Answer 21

cell adhesion, recognition, communication and regulating interior env.

Question 22

what is the plasma membrane made of

Answer 22

phospholipid molecules
protein molecules
cholesterol

Question 23

what do phospholipids do in the plasma membrane

Answer 23

selectively permeable
allows some substances to cross it better than others

Question 24

what is the fluid mosaic model

Answer 24

proteins moving sideways through the plasma membrane’s bilayer

Question 25

what is the difference between the cytoplasm and the cytosol

Answer 25

-cytoplasm is the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
-cytosol is the fluid substance inside the cell which contains the organelles
*cytoplasm is filled w/ cytosol

Question 26

is the nucleolus membrane bound

Answer 26

no (its inside the nucleus and makes the ribosomes)

Question 27

what does the membrane of the nucleus look like

Answer 27

looks like a double membrane but is actually folded over itself (nuclear envelope)
has pores to allow exchange of materials (between nucleus and cytoplasm)

Question 28

what is a chromatin

Answer 28

loosely arranged dna and protein

Question 29

what is a chromosome

Answer 29

tightly packed dna and histones (proteins) in x shape (46 chromosomes total)

Question 30

what are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum and what makes them different

Answer 30

-rough ER (has ribosomes/dots)
-smooth ER

Question 31

what is the ER membrane made of

Answer 31

-continuation of nuclear envelope
-weaves in sheets creating a network of membrane tubules and sacs (lipid bilayer) called cisternae

Question 32

what are cisternae

Answer 32

tubules and sacs (lipid bilayer) of the ER membrane

Question 33

what are the functions of the rough ER

Answer 33

-produce proteins (ribosomes)
-distribute proteins to other cells or organelles
-modify proteins (by + carbs or lipids)

Question 34

where does the rough ER send most of its proteins

Answer 34

golgi apparatus

Question 35

how does the rough ER modify proteins

Answer 35

fold into 3D shape
enzyme can modify proteins by adding carbs or lipids to them

Question 36

what are the functions of the smooth ER

Answer 36

-synthesize and transport proteins
-enzymes detoxify poisons and drugs (liver)
-metabolizes carbs
-storage of calcium

Question 37

what is the difference between smooth and rough er

Answer 37

rough has ribosomes attached and smooth is without ribosomes

Question 38

what are the functions of the golgi apparatus

Answer 38

-packaging and shipping centre of molecules
-chemical modification of molecules
-synthesizes carbs

Question 39

what are the characteristics of golgi apparatus

Answer 39

structurally similar to ER
5-20 membranous sacs (cisternae)

Question 40

what is a vesicle

Answer 40

a hollow sphere with a membrane identical to the plasma membrane

Question 41

what is the function of vesicles

Answer 41

store/transport chemicals around the cell

Question 42

what are the two types of vesicles, who makes them and where do they go

Answer 42

transport (ER makes it to get proteins to golgi)
secretory (golgi makes it to go to the plasma membrane or around the cell)

Question 43

what is the structure of a vessel

Answer 43

hollow spherical organelles, surrounded by membrane identical to PM = membrane enclosed sacs

Question 44

who makes lysosomes

Answer 44

golgi makes them

Question 45

how does a lysosome work

Answer 45

a vesicle that contains digestive enzymes (pH 5 so acidic) which are only active inside its membrane to prevent damaging the cell in case of leakage (cells pH is 7.2)

Question 46

what are the processes lysosomes go through called

Answer 46

phagocytosis
autophagy

Question 47

what is phagocytosis

Answer 47

lysosome digesting materials from outside the cell

Question 48

what is autophagy

Answer 48

lysosome digesting organelles from inside the cell (itself)

Question 49

how do lysosome digest things

Answer 49

engulfs them

Question 50

what are the functions of peroxisomes

Answer 50

-fatty acid metabolism
detoxify harmful compounds (liver)
-gets rid of the hydrogen peroxide released when enzymes transfer hydrogen to oxygen (ex. phagocytosis and autophagy)
-can self replicate

Question 51

what allows peroxisome to detoxify hydrogen peroxide

Answer 51

has enzyme that turns H2O2 to water

Question 52

what are the functions of mitochondria

Answer 52

power house of the cell
aerobic respiration
makes ATP from glucose
converts food into energy

Question 53

how many membranes do mitochondrias have and what are they made of

Answer 53

2 membranes that each have a phospholipid bilayer

Question 54

what is the endosymbiont theory

Answer 54

theory that millions of years ago a cell engulfed another and developed a symbiotic relationship instead of digesting it (believed to have happened with mitochondria and chloroplast because they have the basic structure of a cell)