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Biology I > The Cell A > Flashcards

The Cell A Flashcards

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1
Q

what does it mean if something is smaller than a cell

A

it is not alive, cell is the smallest unit of life

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2
Q

what is the range of cell size

A

8 to 100 um

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3
Q

if an organism is bigger does that mean their cells are bigger

A

larger organisms do not generally have larger cells than smaller orgsnisms, simply more cells

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4
Q

why are cells so small

A

because as cell size increases, the metabolic needs of the cell increases
-the surface area (pm) is smaller than the volume so it can’t meet the demands

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5
Q

what does having a smaller volume mean for a cell

A

less metabolic demands but also less surface area to transport materials in and out

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6
Q

why is cell size limited

A

because of requirements of homeostasis

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7
Q

what is the range of size for prokaryotic cells

A

1-10 um

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8
Q

how do you classify organisms in the bacteria domain

A

using the gram test

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9
Q

what are the functions of cell walls

A

rigidity
protection from bursting
cell wall composed of peptidoglycan (protein + carb)

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10
Q

what are characteristics of gram positive bacteria

A

stain blue/purple
have a thick peptidoglycan layer after the plasma membrane

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11
Q

what are the characteristics of a gram negative bacteria

A

stain red
have a thin peptidoglycan layer
have an extra outer membrane

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12
Q

do antibiotics have a harder time going through gram + or - bacteria

A

gram - (extra outer membrane)

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13
Q

what are the functions of capsule on prokaryotes

A

-prevents the cell drying
-helps cell adhere to things
-protects cell from white blood cells (no antigens so w.b.c. can’t recognize it as enemy)

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14
Q

what are three characteristics of the domain archaea

A

-have histones (proteins) associated with dna like eukaryotic cells
-have s layer on cell surface
-have a cell wall (no peptidoglycan)

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15
Q

what is the main goal of bacteria

A

decomposition

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16
Q

what is the s layer on archaea composed of

A

glycosylated proteins (have glucose)

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17
Q

what are the two major categories of organelles

A

membranous organelles
non membranous organelles

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18
Q

what are examples of membranous organelles

A

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
smooth and rough ER, golgi, vesicles, lysosomes, peroxisome, mitochondria, chloroplast, vacuoles

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19
Q

examples of non membranous components

A

nucleolus, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, centrosome, cilia, flagella, cell junctions, cell wall, extracellular matrix

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20
Q

why is the plasma membrane important

A

to regulate movement in and out of the cell
the maintain the interior environment balanced (critical for cell processes and function)

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21
Q

what are the functions of the plasma membrane

A

cell adhesion, recognition, communication and regulating interior env.

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22
Q

what is the plasma membrane made of

A

phospholipid molecules
protein molecules
cholesterol

23
Q

what do phospholipids do in the plasma membrane

A

selectively permeable
allows some substances to cross it better than others

24
Q

what is the fluid mosaic model

A

proteins moving sideways through the plasma membrane’s bilayer

25
Q

what is the difference between the cytoplasm and the cytosol

A

-cytoplasm is the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
-cytosol is the fluid substance inside the cell which contains the organelles
*cytoplasm is filled w/ cytosol

26
Q

is the nucleolus membrane bound

A

no (its inside the nucleus and makes the ribosomes)

27
Q

what does the membrane of the nucleus look like

A

looks like a double membrane but is actually folded over itself (nuclear envelope)
has pores to allow exchange of materials (between nucleus and cytoplasm)

28
Q

what is a chromatin

A

loosely arranged dna and protein

29
Q

what is a chromosome

A

tightly packed dna and histones (proteins) in x shape (46 chromosomes total)

30
Q

what are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum and what makes them different

A

-rough ER (has ribosomes/dots)
-smooth ER

31
Q

what is the ER membrane made of

A

-continuation of nuclear envelope
-weaves in sheets creating a network of membrane tubules and sacs (lipid bilayer) called cisternae

32
Q

what are cisternae

A

tubules and sacs (lipid bilayer) of the ER membrane

33
Q

what are the functions of the rough ER

A

-produce proteins (ribosomes)
-distribute proteins to other cells or organelles
-modify proteins (by + carbs or lipids)

34
Q

where does the rough ER send most of its proteins

A

golgi apparatus

35
Q

how does the rough ER modify proteins

A

fold into 3D shape
enzyme can modify proteins by adding carbs or lipids to them

36
Q

what are the functions of the smooth ER

A

-synthesize and transport proteins
-enzymes detoxify poisons and drugs (liver)
-metabolizes carbs
-storage of calcium

37
Q

what is the difference between smooth and rough er

A

rough has ribosomes attached and smooth is without ribosomes

38
Q

what are the functions of the golgi apparatus

A

-packaging and shipping centre of molecules
-chemical modification of molecules
-synthesizes carbs

39
Q

what are the characteristics of golgi apparatus

A

structurally similar to ER
5-20 membranous sacs (cisternae)

40
Q

what is a vesicle

A

a hollow sphere with a membrane identical to the plasma membrane

41
Q

what is the function of vesicles

A

store/transport chemicals around the cell

42
Q

what are the two types of vesicles, who makes them and where do they go

A

transport (ER makes it to get proteins to golgi)
secretory (golgi makes it to go to the plasma membrane or around the cell)

43
Q

what is the structure of a vessel

A

hollow spherical organelles, surrounded by membrane identical to PM = membrane enclosed sacs

44
Q

who makes lysosomes

A

golgi makes them

45
Q

how does a lysosome work

A

a vesicle that contains digestive enzymes (pH 5 so acidic) which are only active inside its membrane to prevent damaging the cell in case of leakage (cells pH is 7.2)

46
Q

what are the processes lysosomes go through called

A

phagocytosis
autophagy

47
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

lysosome digesting materials from outside the cell

48
Q

what is autophagy

A

lysosome digesting organelles from inside the cell (itself)

49
Q

how do lysosome digest things

A

engulfs them

50
Q

what are the functions of peroxisomes

A

-fatty acid metabolism
detoxify harmful compounds (liver)
-gets rid of the hydrogen peroxide released when enzymes transfer hydrogen to oxygen (ex. phagocytosis and autophagy)
-can self replicate

51
Q

what allows peroxisome to detoxify hydrogen peroxide

A

has enzyme that turns H2O2 to water

52
Q

what are the functions of mitochondria

A

power house of the cell
aerobic respiration
makes ATP from glucose
converts food into energy

53
Q

how many membranes do mitochondrias have and what are they made of

A

2 membranes that each have a phospholipid bilayer

54
Q

what is the endosymbiont theory

A

theory that millions of years ago a cell engulfed another and developed a symbiotic relationship instead of digesting it (believed to have happened with mitochondria and chloroplast because they have the basic structure of a cell)

Biology I (11 decks)

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