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the cell Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cell theory

A
  • all living things are composed of cells
  • the cell is the basic functional unit of life
  • cells arise only from preexisting cells
  • cells cary genetic info in the form of DNA, which is passed on from parent to daughter cell
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2
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

contain true nucleus enclosed in a membrane

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3
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

do not contain a nucleus

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4
Q

organelles

A

suspended in a cell membrane enclosing a semifluid cytosol in each cell

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5
Q

cytosol

A

allows the diffusion of molecules throughout the cell

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6
Q

nucleus

A

control center

contains all of the genetic material necessary for replication of the cell

surrounded by the nuclear membrane/envelope, a double membrane that maintains a nuclear environment separate and distinct from the cytoplasm

contains nuclear pots in the nuclear membrane, which allow selective two way exchange of material between the cytoplasm and the nucleus

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7
Q

nucleolus

A

subsection of the nucleus where RNA is synthesized

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8
Q

mitochondria

A

powerhouse of the cell! in reference to their important metabolic funcitons

the outer membrane serves as a barrier between the cytosol and the inner environment of the mitochondrion

the inner membrane, which is thrown into numerous inholdings called cristae (increase SA for electron transport chain enzymes), contains the molecules and enzymes necessary for the electron transport chain

space btwn inner and outer- inter membrane space

space inside the inner- mitochondrial matrix

SEMI AUTONMOUS- contain some of their own genes, replicate independently of the nucleus w BINARY FISSION, example of CYTOPLASMIC/EXTRANUCLEAR INHERITANCE

keeps cell alive by providing energy but can also program cell death (apoptosis)

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9
Q

lysosomes

A

membrane bound structures containing hydrolytic enzymes that are capable of breaking down many different substrates, includinging substances ingested by endocytosis and cellular waste products

function in conjunction with endosomes, which transport, package, and sort cell material going to and from mem

lysosomal membrane sequesters enzymes to prevent damage to the cell (release of these enzymes can occur=autolysis)

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10
Q

endosomes

A

transport, package, and sort cell material going to and from mem

capable of transporting materials to the trans-golgi, to the cell membrane, or to the lysosomal pathway for degredgation

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11
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

series of interconnected membranes that are actually continuous with the nuclear envelope

double meme is folded into numerous invaginations, creating complex structures with a central lumen

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12
Q

smooth ER

A

studded with ribosomes

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13
Q

ribosomes

A

permit the translation of proteins destined for secretion directly into its lumen

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14
Q

smooth ER (SER)

A

lacks ribosomes

utilized primaryily for lipid synthesis (phospholipids in the celll membrane) and detox of certain drugs and poisons

transports proteins from RER to the GA

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15
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

consists of stacked membrane bound sacs

in vesicles, materials from the ER are transferred to the GA, then are modified by the addn of various grps, or thru the intro of signal sequences (which direct the delivery o the product to a sp cellular location). after mod and sorting in GA, cellular products are repackaged in vesicles and transferred to the correct cell location

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16
Q

exocytosis

A

if the product for the GA is destined for secretion, then the secretory vesicle merges with the cell membrane and its contents are released via exocytosis

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17
Q

peroxisomes

A

contain hydrogen peroxide

breakdown of very long chain fatty acids via beta oxidation

participate in the synth of phospholipids and contain some of the enzymes in the pentose phosphate pathway

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18
Q

cytoskeleton

A

provides structure to the cell and helps it to maintain its shape

provides a conduit fo rate transport of material around the cell

three components: microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments

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19
Q

microfilaments

A

made up of solid polymerized rods of actin, which are organized to bundles and networks, resistant to both compression and fracture, provide protection for the cell

play a role in cytokinesis– the cleavage furrow is formed from microfilaments

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20
Q

microtubules

A

hollow polymers of tubular proteins

radiate thruout the cell, providing the primary pathways along with motor proteins (kinesin and dynein) carry vesicles

cilia, falgella, and centriols

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21
Q

cilia

A

projections form a cell that are primary involve din movement of materials along the surface of the cell

9+2 structure

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22
Q

flagella

A

structures involved in movement of the cell itself (ex-sperm)

9+2 structure

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23
Q

centrioles

A

found in centrosome

organizing centers for microtubules and structures as nine triplets of microtubules with a hollow center

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24
Q

intermediate filaments

A

diverse grp of filamentous proteins (ex: keratin, desmin, vimentin, an lamin)

able to withstand a tremendous amount of tension, making the cell structure more rigid

help anchor other organelles

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25
Q

epithelial tissue

A

cover the body landline its cavities, providing a means for protection against pathogen invasion and desiccation

absorption, secretion, and sensation

tightly joined to e/o and to underlying layer of connective tissue (basement membrane)

highly diverse, in most organs, constitute the parenchyma (the functional parts of the organ)

often polarized (one side faces lumen, while other interacts with underlying blood vessels and structural cells

simple epithelia- one layer

stratified epithelia– multiple layers

pseudo-stratified epithelia– multiple layers due to diff in cell heigh, but are only one layer really

cuboidal, columnar, and squamous (flat and scalelike) cells

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26
Q

connective tissue

A

supports the body and provides framework for the epithelial cells to carry out their funcitons

stroma/support structure- bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose, blood

extracellular matrix

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27
Q

four tissue types

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue

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28
Q

archaea

A

porkaryotic

single celled organisms that are visually similar to bacteria, but contain genes and several metabolic pathways that are more similar to eukaryotes than to bacteria

contains extremophiles, but has a lot of variety

use of alternative sources of energy (photosynthetic, chemo synthetic, etc)

contain single circular chromosome, divide by binary fission or budding, similar structure to bacteria

resistant to many antibiotics

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29
Q

bacteria

A

contain a cell membrane, cytoplasm, some have flagella or fimbriae (sim to cilia)

~5E30 on earth

could be

  • mutualistic symbiotes- meaning that both humans and the bacteria benefit from the relationship (bacteria in human gut produce vitamin K and biotin)
  • pathogens/parasites- meaning that they provide no advantage or benefit to the host, but rather cause disease
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30
Q

cocci

A

spherical bacteria

31
Q

bacilli

A

rod shaped bacteria

32
Q

spirilli

A

spiral shaped bacteria

33
Q

obligate aerobes

A

bacteria that require oxygen for metabolism

34
Q

anaearobes

A

bacteria that use fermentation, or some other form of cellular metabolism that does not require oxygen

diff types: obligate, facultative, aerotolerant

35
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

anaerobes that cannot survive in a oxygen containing environment

the presence of oxygen leads to the production of reactive oxygen containing radicals in these species, which leads to cell death

36
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

bacteria that can toggle btwn metabolic processes, using oxygen for aerobic metabolism if it is present, and switching to anaerobic metabolism if it is not

37
Q

aerotolerant anaerobes

A

unable to use oxygen for metabolism, but are not harmed by its presence in the environment

38
Q

cell wall

A

forms the outer barrier of the cell, in prok

aid a pathogen by providing protection from a host organisms immune system

39
Q

cell membrane

A

composed of phospholipids, in elk and prok

40
Q

cell wall+cell membrane in prokaryotes=

A

envelope

41
Q

peptidoglycan

A

a polymeric substance made of amino acid and sugars and forms a thick layer on gram positive cell walls

42
Q

lipoteichoic acid

A

human immune system may be activated by exposure to these

gram positive cell wall also contains this

43
Q

periplasmic space

A

separate peptidoglycan cell ways of gram neg cell walls and the adjacent cell memebrane

44
Q

gram neg bacteria

A

have outer membranes containing phospholipids and lipopolsyaccarides- are a part of gram neg bad that triggers an immune response in human beings

45
Q

falgella

A

long, whiplike structures act can e used for propulsion

46
Q

chemotaxis

A

ability of a cell to detect chemical stimuli and move toward or away from them

47
Q

filament

A

hollow helical structure composed of flagellin

48
Q

basal body

A

complex structure that anchors the flagellum to the cytoplasmic membrane and is also the motor of the flagellum, rotating at rates up to 300 Hz.

49
Q

hook

A

connects the filament and the basal body so that, as the basal body rotates, it exerts torque on the filament, which can thereby spin and propel the bacterium forward

50
Q

plasmids

A

circular structures that carry dna that is not necessary for survival fo the prokaryote (not considered part of the genome of the bacterium) but may confer an advantage such as antibiotic resistance

may also carry additional virulence factors (traits that incr how pathogenic a bacterium is)

subset of plasmids- episomes- are capable fo integrating in to the genome of the bacterium

51
Q

how do gram positive bacteria and gram neg bacteria differ

A

gram pos have thick layer of peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid, and contain no outer membrane. Gram neg have a thin layer of pepetidolycan, but also have an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids

52
Q

how do euk and prok flagella differ

A

euk flag contain microtubules composed of tubuilin, organized in a 9+2 arrangement.

Bac flag are made of flagellin and consist of a filament, a basal body, and a hook

53
Q

binary fission

A

simple form of asexual reproduction seen in prokaryotes

54
Q

tranformation

A

a bacterial genetic recombination process resulting form the integration of foreign material into the host genome

many gram negative rods are able to carry out this process

55
Q

conjugation

A

is the bacterial form of mating (sexual reproduction) and involves two cells form a conjugation bridge btwn them that facilitates the transfer of genetic material, unidirectional from donor male (+) to recipient email (-).

bridge is made from sex pili on donor male. to form plus, bacteria must contain plasmids known as sex factors that contain the necessary genes
-best suited sex factor: F (fertility) factor

allows for rapid acquisition of antibiotic resistance or virulence factors thruout a colony bc other plasmids can also be passed thru the conjugation bridge

Hfr- high frequency of recombination: cells that have undergone the chainge of getting an F plasmid

56
Q

transduction

A

only genetic recombination process that requires a vector (a virus that carries genetic material from one bacterium to another)

57
Q

bacteriophages

A

viruses that infect bacteria

can accidentally trap a segment of host DNA during assembly

when infects another bacterium, it can release this trapped DNA into the new host cell, which then can integrate into the genome, giving he new host addnl genes

viruses that specifically target bacteria, don’t actually enter bacteria, but simple injections ttheir genetic material, leaving the remaining structures outside the infected cell

58
Q

transposons

A

genetic elements capable fo inserting and removing themselves from the genome

59
Q

bacteria growth

A

lag phase, exponential phase/log phase, stationary phase, death phase

60
Q

capsid

A

protein coat

if an envelope is present in a virus, it will surround the capsid and is composed of phospholipids and virus sp proteins

61
Q

virons

A

viral progeny produced after replication of a virus after hijaking a cells machinery

can be released to infect addnl cells

62
Q

tail sheath

A

can act like a syringe in a bacteriophage

63
Q

tail fibers

A

help bacteriophage to recognize and connect to the correct host cell

64
Q

positive sense

A

implies that he genome may be directly translated to functional proteins by the ribosomes of the host cell, just like mRNA

a types of single stranded RNA viruses

65
Q

negative sense

A

require synthesis of an RNA strand complementary to the neg sense RNA strand, which can then be used as a template for protein synthesis

must carry an RNA replicase in the virion to ensure the complementary strand is synthesized

66
Q

retroviruses

A

enveloped, single stranded RNA viruses, containing two identical RNA molecules

carry an enzyme known as reverse transcriptase, which synthesized DNA from single stranded RNA

HIV is a retrovirus

67
Q

viral life cycle

A

infection, translation and progeny assembly, progeny release, lytic and lysogenic cycles

68
Q

viral progeny may be reused in multiple ways? what are they

A
  1. the viral invasion may initiate cell death, which results in spilling of the viral progeny
  2. the host cell may lyse as a result of being filled with extremely large number of virons
  3. a virus can lead the cell by fusing with the plasma membrane, a process known as EXTRUTION- keeps host cell alive, so cont use of the host cell by the virus
69
Q

lytic cycle

A

the bacteriophage makes maximal use of the cells machinery with little regard for the survival of the host cell

bacteria in the lytic phase are termed virulent

bacteriophages replicate in the host cell in extremely high numbers until the host cell lyses and releases the virons

70
Q

lysogenic cycle

A

in the event that the virus does not lyse the bacterium, it may integrate into eh host genome as provirus or prophage

the bacteriophage genome enters the host genome and replicates with the host cell as a provirus. at some point (after exposure to a particular stimulus), the provirus leaves the host genome and can be used to synthesize new virions

71
Q

superinfection

A

infection with one strain of phage generally makes the bacterium less susceptible to superinfection (simultaneous infection) with other phages

72
Q

prions

A

infectious proteins and are thus, also nonliving things

cause disease by triggering misfiling of other proteins, usually involving the conversion of a protein to an alpha helical structure to a beta pleated sheet

73
Q

viroids

A

small pathogens consisting of a very short circular single stranded RNA that infect plants

can bind to a large number of RNA sequences and will silence genes in the plant genome

prevents syn of necessary proteins and can subsequently cause metabolic and structural derangements in the plant cell

74
Q

why are viruses are considered obligate intracellular parasites

A

viruses do not contain organelles such as ribosomes, therefore, in order to reproduce and synthesize proteins, viruses must infect cells and hijack their cellular machinery

biology (5 decks)

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