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reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

cell cycle stages

A

G1, S, G2, and M

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2
Q

interphase

A

first three stages (G1, S, G2)

longest part of the cell cycle, 90% of time

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3
Q

G0

A

the cell is simple living and serving its function without any preparation for division

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4
Q

chromatin

A

less condensed form of chromosomes

Dna must be available to RNA polymerase so that the genes can be transcribed

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5
Q

G1 stage

A

presythetic gap

cells create organelles for energy and protein production while also increasing their size

passage into the S (synthesis) stage is governed by a restriction point (certain criteria that must be met)

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6
Q

S stage

A

synthesis of DNA

the cell replicates its genetic material so that each daughter cell will have identical copies

after replication, each chromosome consists of two identical chromatids that are bound together at a specialized region known as the centromere

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7
Q

G2 stage

A

post synthetic gap

the call passes thru. another quality control checkpoint, check to ensure that there are enough organelles and cytoplasm to divide btwn 2 daughter cells, check to make sure that the DNA replication proceeded correctly to avoid passing on an error to daughter cells that may further replicate the error in their progeny

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8
Q

M stage

A

mitosis along with cytokinesis

PMAT

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9
Q

G1/S checkpoint

A

cell determines if the DNA is good enough condition for synthesis fi there is damage, the cell cycle goes into arrest until the DNA has been repaired

MAIN PROTEIN IN CONTROL: p53

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10
Q

G2/M checkpoint

A

cell is mainly concerned with ensuring that the cell has achieved adequate size and the organelles have been properly replicated to support daughter cells

p53 also plays a role

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11
Q

cycling sensed cyclin dependent kinases (CDK)

A

molecules reponsible for the cell cycle

in order to be activated, CDKs require the presence of the right cyclins, which bind to the CDKs, creating an activated CDK cyclin compels, which can then phosphorylate transcription factors, which promote transcription of genes required for the next state of the cell cycle

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12
Q

cancer

A

ms glunt

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13
Q

cancer

A

the cell cycle control becomes deranged and the damaged cell are allowed to under mitosis. mutation in the gene that produces p53, called TP53

tumors

if the cell begins to produce the right factors, the damaged cells reach other tissues, local or thru distant by bloodstream or lymphatic systems (thru metastasis)

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14
Q

mitosis

A

somatic cells PMAT

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15
Q

meiosis

A

gametocytes (germ cells), results in up to four nonidentical sex cells

meiosis I- results in homologous chromosomes being separated, generating haploid daughter cells, known as reductional division

meiosis II- similar to mitosis, it that it results in the separation fo sister chromatids, and is known as equitational division

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16
Q

hemizygous

A

males because they have XY, wih respect to many of the genes on the X chromosome becuase they only have one copy

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17
Q

Y chromosome

A

contains very. little genetic info- notable: SRY

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18
Q

SRY

A

sex-determining region Y, which codes for a transcription factor that initiates testis differentiation, and thus, the formation of male gonads

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19
Q

testies

A

primitive gonads develop into this

has two functional components: the seminiferous tubules, and the interstitial cells (Leydig)

sperm are produced in the highlight coiled seminiferous tubules, where they are nourished by Sertoli cells

the cells of Lydig secrete testosterone and other male sex hormones (androgens)

20
Q

epididymis

A

sperm are formed and passed there, where their flagella gain motility and they are then stored until ejaculation

21
Q

ejaculation

A

sperm travel thru the vas deferent to the ejaculatory duct at the posterior edge of the prostate gland. the two ducts fuse together to form the urethra, which carries sperm thru the penis as they exit the body

22
Q

seminal fluid

A

produced thru a combined effort by the seminal vesicles, prostate gland and bulbourethral gland, missed with sperm as they pass thru the reproductive tract

23
Q

seminal vesicles

A

contributor fructose to nourish sperm and along with the prostate gland, give the fluid mildly alkaline properties so the sperm will be able to survive in the relatively acidity of the female reproductive tract

24
Q

bulbourethral (cowpers) glands

A

produce a clear viscous fluid that clears out any remnants of urine and lubricates the urethra during sexual arousal

25
spermatogensis
the formation of haploid spern thru meiosis, occurs in the seminiferous tubules. in mails the diploid stem cells (spermatogonia) delicate their genetic material and develop into diploid PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTES and after the first meiotic division will result in haploid SECONDARY SPERMATOCYTES, which then undergo meiosis II to generate haploid SPERMATIDS, which undergo maturation to become MATURE SPERMATOZOA result in four functional sperm for each spermatogonium
26
mature sperm
very compact, consist of a head, a mid piece (gernates ATP form fructose), and a flagellum (for motility)
27
midpiece of sperm
filled with mitochondria, which generate the energy used as the sperm twins thru the female reproductive tract to reach the ovum in the fallopian tubes
28
sperm head
covered by a cap (ACROSOME- modified version of GA and is necessary to penetrate the ovum, contains enzymes that are capable of penetrating the corona radiate and zone pellucid of the ovum, permitting fertilization to occur)
29
peritoneal sac
lines the abdominal cavity one egg per month is ovulated not here
30
oogenesis
production of female gametes there is no unending supply of stem cells analogous to spermatogonia in emails, all fo the oogonia have already undergone DNA replication and are considered PRIMARY OOCYTES (2n, arrested in propane 1) once a woman reaches menarche (1st menstral cycle), one primary oocyte per moth will complete meiosis 1, producing secondary oocyte and a polar body, characterized by unequal cyokinesis the secondary oocyte, remains arrested in metaphase 2 and doesn't complete until fertilization occurs
31
oocytes
surrounded by two layers: the ZONA PELLUCIDA (surround the oocyte itself and is an acellular mixture of glycoproteins that protect the oocyte and contain compound necessary for sperm cell binding) and the CORONA RADIATA (lies outside the zone pellucid and is a layer of cells that adhered to the oocyte during ovulation)
32
acrosomal enzymes
with the help of these, the sperm cell penetrate the two outer layers of oocytes (zona pellucid and corona radiata) and meiosis 2 is triggered
33
zygote
created when the haploid pronuclei of the sperm and the ovum join upon completion of meiosis 2.
34
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
prior to puberty, the hypothalamus restricts this hormone, but after, this restriction is lifted and this is sent in pulses which then triggers the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND to synthesize and release follicle stimulating hormone (FHS) and luteinizing hormone (LH) which trigger the production of other sex hormones
35
male sexual development
FSH stimulates the Sertoli cells and triggers sperm maturation, whereas LH causes the interstitial cells to produce testosterone, which develops maintain sth smaller repro sys, and result in the development of secondary sexual characteristics
36
female sexual development
ESTROGEN secreted in response to FSH and result in dev and maintenance of the female repro sys and female secondary characteristics. Estrogens lead to the thickening of the lining of the uterus (endometrium) each month in preparation for the implantation of a zygote PROGESTERONE secreted by corpus lute (remnant follicle that remains after ovulation) in response to LH, and is involved in the dev and maintenance of the endometrium, but not in the intial thickening of th endometrium by the end of the first trimester of a preg, progesterone is suppled by the placenta and corpus lute atrophies and ceases to function
37
menstrual cycle
follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase, menstruation,
38
follicular phase
begins when the menstrual flow (shed the uterine lining of the previous cycle) beings. GnRH secretion from the hypothalamus increases in response to the decreased concs of estrogen and progesterone, which then increase secretion so both FSH and LH which work together to develop several ovarial follicles, producing estrogen, which has a negative feedback effect that causes GnRH, LH, and FSH to lower,
39
estrogen
works to regrow the endometrial lining, stimulation vascularization and glandularizaiton of the decidua
40
ovulation
late in the follicular phase, the developing follicles secrete higher and higher concs of estrogen which reach such a point which ironically results in pos feedback towards GnRH, LH, and FSH
41
LH
when surging during ovulation stage, it induces ovulation, the release of the ovum form the ovary into the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity after ovulation, LH causes the ruptured follicle to form the corpus luteum which secretes progesterone
42
Luteal Phase
progesterone lvls rise, while estrogen lvls remain high, and the high lvls of progesterone cause neg feedback on GnRH, FSH, and LH, preventing the ovulation of multiple eggs!! I guess progesterone failed with twins and triplets what who said that get out of here im tryna study
43
menstruation
assuming that implantation does not occur, the corpus lute loses its stimulation from LH, progesterone lvls doling and the uterine lining is sloughed off, removes block fo GNRH so that the next cycle can begin.
44
pregnancy
if fertilization has occurred, the resulting zygote will develop into a blastocyst the twill implant in the uterine lining Gand secrete human chronic gonadotropin (hCG), which is an analog of LH, and can stimulate LH receptors, maintaining the corpus lute
45
hCG
critical during first trimester development c it is the estrogen and progesterone secreted by the corpus lute that keep the uterine lining in place, but decide during 2nd trimester bc the placenta has grown to a sufficient size to secrete progesterone and estrogen by itself
46
menopause
ovarian atrophy (results when ovaries become less sensitive to FSH and LH as woman ages), estrogen progesterone decline, endometrium atrophies and menstruation stops negative feedback on FSK and LH is removed , and the blood lvls of the two hormones rise
47
acrosome
modified version of GA and is necessary to penetrate the ovum, contains enzymes that are capable of penetrating the corona radiate and zone pellucid of the ovum, permitting fertilization to occur

biology (5 decks)

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