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biology > ch3: embryogenesis and development > Flashcards

ch3: embryogenesis and development Flashcards

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1
Q

ampulla

A

widest part of the fallopian tube , where fertilization usually occurs

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2
Q

fertilizaiton

A

sperm meets secondary oocyte in the fallopian tube, where it binds to the oocyte and releases acrosomal enzymes that enable the head of the sperm to penetrate thru the corona radiata and zona pelludica. once direct contact with membrane, it forms a tubelike structure known as the acrosomal apparatus, which extends to and penetrates the cell membrane

its pronucleus may then freely enter the oocyte once meiosis ii has come to completion

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3
Q

cortical rxn

A

a release of calcium ions that occur after penetration fo the sperm thru the cell membrane, which then depolarize the membrane of the ovum, so that it prevents fertilization fo the ovum by multiple sperm cells and the increased calcium conc incr the metabolic rate of the newly formed diploid zygote

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4
Q

fertilization memebrane

A

depolarized and impenetrable membrane of the zygote after being newly penetrated

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5
Q

dizygotic twins

A

fraternal

form from fertilization of two different eggs released during one ovulatory cycle by two different sperm, in which each zygote will implant in the uterine wall and each develop its own placenta, chorion and amnion

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6
Q

monozygotic twins

A

identical twins

form when a single zygote splits into two, can be classified by the number of structures they share

monochorionic/monoamniotic twins- share the same amnion and chorion

monochorionic/diamniotic twins- have their own amnion but share the same chorion

diachronionic/diamniotic twins- have their own amnions and chorions

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7
Q

cleavage

A

in the process of moving to the uterus for implantation, the zygote undergoes rapid mitotic cell divisions in in a process called cleavage

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8
Q

zygote

A

unicellular diploid fusion of sperm and oocyte

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9
Q

embryo

A

after first cleavage of zygote, multicellular offspring in pregnancy

2, 4, 6, and 16 cell embryo

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10
Q

indeterminate cleavage

A

results in cells that can still develop into complete organisms

monozygotic twins that have identical genomes Bec of indeterminately cleaved cells of the same embryo

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11
Q

determinate cleavage

A

results in cells with fates that are already determined, aka these cells are committed to differentiating into a certain type of cell

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12
Q

morula

A

solid mass of cells that the embryo develops into after several divisions

embryo forms into this

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13
Q

blastulation

A

forms the blastula (a follow ball of cells with a fluid filled inner cavity known as a blastocoel)

mammalian blastula= blastocyst and consists of trophoblast (surround the blastocoel and give rise to the chorion and later the placenta) and inner cell mass (protrudes into he blastocoel and gives rise to the organism itself)

morula forms into this

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14
Q

chorioin

A

an extra embryonic membrane that develops into the placenta

trophoblastic cells give rise to this

also forms an outer membrane around the amnion, adding an addnl

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15
Q

trophoblast cells

A

surround the blastocoel and give rise to the chorion and later the placenta

specialized to creat an interface btwn maternal blood supply and the developing embryo

form the chorionic villi (microscopic fingerlike projections that penetrate the endometrium)

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16
Q

chorionic villi

A

microscopic fingerlike projections that penetrate the endometrium

as these develop into the placenta, they support the material fetal gas exchange

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17
Q

umbilical cord

A

connects the embryo to the placenta

consists of two arteries (carries deoxygenated blood and waste to eh placenta for exchange) and one vein (carries freshly oxygenated blood rich with nutrients froth placenta to the embryo) encased in a gelatinous substance

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18
Q

yolk sac

A

supports the embryo until the placenta is functional

also the site for early blood cell development

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19
Q

allatois

A

involved in early fluid exchange btwn the embryo and the yolk sac

surrounded by the amnion

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20
Q

amnion

A

thin, tough membrane filled with amniotic fluid, which serves as a shock absorber during pregnancy. lessening the impact of maternal motion on the developing embryo

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21
Q

gastrulation

A

further developmental process once the cell mass implacts, where the is a germination of three distinct cell layers

begins with a small invagination in the blastula, where cells cont moving toward the invagination, resulting in the elimination of the blastocoel once the two membranes merge, creating a tube thru the middle of the embryo, resulting in a GASTRULA (blastula forms into this)

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22
Q

archenteron

A

membrane invagination into the bastocoel

later develops into the gut

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23
Q

blastopore

A

opening of the archenteron

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24
Q

deuterostomes

A

ex: humans

the blastopore develops into the anus

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25
Q

protostomes

A

organism where the blastopore develops into the mouth

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26
Q

primary germ layers

A

three layers of cells that migrate into what remains of the blastocoel

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27
Q

ectoderm

A

outermost layer in primary germ layers

gives rise to the integument, including the epidermis, hair, nails, the epithelia of the nose, mouth, lower anal canal, lens of the eye, NS (including adrenal medulla), and inner ear

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28
Q

mesoderm

A

middle layer in the primary germ layers

develops into several different systems including the musculoskeletal, circulatory, and most of the excretory systems

gives rise to gonads, muscular, connective tissue layers of the digestive and respiratory syss and the adrenaline cortex

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29
Q

endoderm

A

innermost layer of the primary germ layers

forms the epithelial linings of the digestive and respiratory tracts, including lungs. also pancreas, thyroid, bladder, and distal urinary tracts, parts of the liver

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30
Q

selective transcription

A

how cells with the same genes are able to develop into such distinctly diff cell types with highly specialized functions by using the genes needed for that particular cell type are transcribed

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31
Q

induction

A

related to selective transcription

ability of one grp of cells to influent the fate of other nearby cells mediated by chemical substances-inducers, which diffuse from the ORGANIZING CELLS to the RESPONSIVE CELLS. the chems are responsible for processes such as the guidance of neuronal axons

also ensures proximity of the different cell types that work together within an organ, share functions or have complementary functions

32
Q

neurulation

A

development of the NS once the the three germ layers are formed

NS derived from the ECTODERM

first a rod of mesodermal cells (notochord) form along the along six of the organism like a primitive spine, which induces a grp of overlying ectodermal cells to slide inward to form neural folds, which surround a neural groove. neural folds–> fuse–> mural tube, giving rise to the CNS. tip of neural fold= neural crest cells which migrate outward to form the PNS and other tissues

ectodermal cells will migrate over the neural tube and costs to cover the rudimentary NS

33
Q

teratogens

A

substances that interfere with development, causing defects of even death of the developing embryo
-depends on route of exposure, length, rate of placental transmission, exact identify of terotogen, and genetics of the embryo

will not have the same effect on every embryo or fetus

34
Q

zygote to gastrula, lists stages of development

A

zygote–> 2, 4, 8, 16 cell embryo –> morula—> blastula (blastocyst) –> gastrula

35
Q

implantations occurs during which stage?

A

blastula (glastocyst) stage

implantation is where the blastula moves thru the fallopian tubes to the uterus, where it burrows into the endometrium

36
Q

specification

A

the initial stage of cell specializaition

the cell is reversibly designated to a specific cell type

followed by determination

37
Q

determination

A

previously defined as the commitment of a cell to having particular function in the future.
Prior to determination the cell can become any cell type even if it has already gone thru the specification
after determination, the cell is irreversibley committed to a specific lineage.

multiple pathways (presnece of specific mRNA and protein molecules during cell cleavage)

may also occur due to secretion of specific molecules from nearby cells, morphogens which may course nearby cells to follow a particular developmental pathway

38
Q

differentiation

A

cell undertaking changes that cause it to develop into the detained cell type, including change structure function, and biochmestry of cell to make the cell type

39
Q

stem cells

A

cells that have not yet differentiated, or which give rise to other cells that will differentiation

exist in embryonic tissues as well as adult tissues

potency: the tissues that a particular step cell can different into

cells with the greatest potency are totipotent and include embryonic stem cells and can ultimately differentiate into any cell type

40
Q

totipotent

A

cells with the greatest potency
include embryonic stem cells and can ultimately differentiate into any cell type

after a few more cycles of cell division, they start to differentiate into the three germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm

any cell type in the developing embryo (primary germ layers) or in extra embryonic tissues (amnion, chorion, placenta)

41
Q

pluripotent

A

these cells can differentiate into any cell type except for those found in placental structures

any cell type in the developing embryo (primary germ layers)

42
Q

multipotent

A

cells that continue to become more specialized than pluripotent cells

can differentiate into multiple types of cells within a particular group

any cell type within a particular lineage (determination takes place)

43
Q

responder

A

the cell that is induced
surrounding tissues induce a developing cell to become a particular cell type via inducers and it secretes the signal

responsive cell

to be induced a responder must be competent, or able to respond to the inducing signal

44
Q

autocine cell cell communication signals

A

the signal acts on the same cell that secreted the signal in the first place

45
Q

paracrine cell cell communication signals

A

signals act on cell in the local area

46
Q

juxtacrine cell cell communication singlas

A

signals do not usually involve diffusion, but rather feature a cell directly stimulated receptors of the adjacent cell

a cell triggers adjacent cells thru direct receptor stimulation

47
Q

endocrine cell cell communication signals

A

involve secreted hormones that travel thru the blood stream to a distant target tissue

48
Q

reciprocal development

A

induction is not always a one way pathway. differentiation of one cell type triggers another cell type to form another cell type, which forms the whole organ

49
Q

apoptotic blebs

A

during apoptosis, cell divideds into many self contained protrusions called apoptotic blebs, which can then be broken apart into apoptotic bodies, and digested by other cells then a phagocyte engulfs the apoptotic bodies

recycling!

50
Q

necrosis

A

process of cell death in which a cell dies as a result of injury
in necrosis, internal substances can be leaked, causing irritation of nearby tissues, or even an immune response

includes spilling of cytoplasmic contents

51
Q

pyknoisis

A

process in apoptosis where the nucleus condeses

52
Q

karyorrhexis

A

the nucleus fragmenting during apoptosis

53
Q

regenerative capacity

A

the ability of an organism to regrow certain parts of the body

varies from species to species

54
Q

complete regeneration

A

the lost or damaged tissues are replaced with identical tissue

55
Q

incomplete regeneration

A

implies that the newly formed tissue is not identical in structure or function to the tissue that has been injured or lost

56
Q

senecence

A

biological aging

occurs as changes in molecular and cellular structure accumulated and can occur at the cellular and organismal level

57
Q

difference between determination and differentiation?

A

determination is the commitment of a cell to a particular lineage. Differentiation refers to the acutual changes that occur in order for the cell to assume the structure an function of the determined cell type

58
Q

fetal hemoglobin (HbF)

A

in addition to oxygen gradients, they also include this, which exhibits a greater affinity for oxygen than does maternal hemoglobin (primarily HbA) and also assists with the transfer and retention of oxygen into the fetal circulatory system. waste material and carbon dioxide move int eh opposite direction.

59
Q

umbilical artieries

A

carry blood away form the fetus toward the placenta

like all other arteries the tcarry blood away form the heart

60
Q

umbilical vien

A

carries blood toward the fetus from the placenta and oxygenation occurs at the placenta, so the umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood, as all veins do

61
Q

three shunts to actively direct blood away from the lungs and liver while they develop in fetal development

A

foramen ovale
ductus arteriosus
ductus venosus

62
Q

forament ovale

A

shunt that is a one way valve that connects the right atrium to the left atrium.

allows blood entering the right atrium form the inferior vena cava to flow into the left atrium, instead of the right ventricle, and thereby be pumped thru the aorta into systemic circulation directly.

online in adult circulation, the right side of the hear is at a higher pressure in the developing fetus than the left side, which pushes blood thru the opening. after birth this press differential reverses, shutting the foramen ovale

right atrium to left

bypasses lungs

63
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

shunts leftover blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta

the pressure differential between the right (high) and left sides of the heart pushes the blood thru this opening and into systemic circulation

pulmonary artery to aorta

bypasses lungs

64
Q

ductus venosus

A

shunts blood returning form the placenta via the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava

the liver still receive some blood supply form smaller hepatic arteries int he systemic circulation

umbilical vein to inferior vena cava

bypasses liver

65
Q

parturition

A

vaginal childbirth

accomplished by rhythmic contractions of uterine smooth muscle, coordinatied by PROSTAGLADINS and the peptide hormone OXYTOCIN.

66
Q

ectoderm gives rise to:

A

integument (the epidermis, hair, nails, and the epithelia of the nose, mouth, and anal canal), the lens of the eye, and the nervous system (including the adrenal medulla)

67
Q

the endoderm gives rise to t

A

epithelial lines of the digestive and respiratory tracts and parts of the liver, pancreas, thyroid, an dbladder

68
Q

mesoderm gives rise to

A

musculoskeletal system, the circulatory system, the excretory system, the gonads, and the adrenal cortex

69
Q

the neural tube forms from the ecto/meso/endoderm?

the notochord forms form the ecto/meso/endoderm?

A

neural tube: ectoderm (also the spinal cord and brain)

notochord: mesoderm

70
Q

induction

A

the influence of a specific group of cells on the differentiation fo another group of cells

71
Q

competence

A

ability of a cell to respond to a given inducer (not the influence of a group of organizing cells)

72
Q

adult stem cells:

A

significantly less controversial compared to embryonic cstem cells, but require treatment with various transcription factors in order to induce an increased level of potency

have a reduced risk of rejection if the patients own stem cells are used

73
Q

embryonic stem cells:

A

are controversial because they require destruction of an embryo to harvest

74
Q

embryogenesis, the whole process

A

after the first cell divisions occur, the embryo consists of a solid ball fo cells known as a morula. then a hollow center forms, creating the blastula. Finally, as the cells begin to differentiate into the three germ layers, the embryo is considered a gastrula

morula –> blastula –>gastrula

eMBryoGenesis!

75
Q

t/f- in the umbilical cord, there are more VEINS than ARTERIES

A

FALSE!!! more ARTERIES than VEINS int he umbilical cord

2 umbilical arteries (carrying DEoxygenated blood to placenta) and 1 umbilical vein (carrying oxygenated blood from placenta)– this makes sense common sense wise (why would it need more than 1 vein carrying oxygenate blood, right!)

biology (5 decks)

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