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ch3: embryogenesis and development Flashcards

1
Q

ampulla

A

widest part of the fallopian tube , where fertilization usually occurs

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2
Q

fertilizaiton

A

sperm meets secondary oocyte in the fallopian tube, where it binds to the oocyte and releases acrosomal enzymes that enable the head of the sperm to penetrate thru the corona radiata and zona pelludica. once direct contact with membrane, it forms a tubelike structure known as the acrosomal apparatus, which extends to and penetrates the cell membrane

its pronucleus may then freely enter the oocyte once meiosis ii has come to completion

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3
Q

cortical rxn

A

a release of calcium ions that occur after penetration fo the sperm thru the cell membrane, which then depolarize the membrane of the ovum, so that it prevents fertilization fo the ovum by multiple sperm cells and the increased calcium conc incr the metabolic rate of the newly formed diploid zygote

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4
Q

fertilization memebrane

A

depolarized and impenetrable membrane of the zygote after being newly penetrated

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5
Q

dizygotic twins

A

fraternal

form from fertilization of two different eggs released during one ovulatory cycle by two different sperm, in which each zygote will implant in the uterine wall and each develop its own placenta, chorion and amnion

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6
Q

monozygotic twins

A

identical twins

form when a single zygote splits into two, can be classified by the number of structures they share

monochorionic/monoamniotic twins- share the same amnion and chorion

monochorionic/diamniotic twins- have their own amnion but share the same chorion

diachronionic/diamniotic twins- have their own amnions and chorions

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7
Q

cleavage

A

in the process of moving to the uterus for implantation, the zygote undergoes rapid mitotic cell divisions in in a process called cleavage

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8
Q

zygote

A

unicellular diploid fusion of sperm and oocyte

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9
Q

embryo

A

after first cleavage of zygote, multicellular offspring in pregnancy

2, 4, 6, and 16 cell embryo

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10
Q

indeterminate cleavage

A

results in cells that can still develop into complete organisms

monozygotic twins that have identical genomes Bec of indeterminately cleaved cells of the same embryo

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11
Q

determinate cleavage

A

results in cells with fates that are already determined, aka these cells are committed to differentiating into a certain type of cell

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12
Q

morula

A

solid mass of cells that the embryo develops into after several divisions

embryo forms into this

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13
Q

blastulation

A

forms the blastula (a follow ball of cells with a fluid filled inner cavity known as a blastocoel)

mammalian blastula= blastocyst and consists of trophoblast (surround the blastocoel and give rise to the chorion and later the placenta) and inner cell mass (protrudes into he blastocoel and gives rise to the organism itself)

morula forms into this

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14
Q

chorioin

A

an extra embryonic membrane that develops into the placenta

trophoblastic cells give rise to this

also forms an outer membrane around the amnion, adding an addnl

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15
Q

trophoblast cells

A

surround the blastocoel and give rise to the chorion and later the placenta

specialized to creat an interface btwn maternal blood supply and the developing embryo

form the chorionic villi (microscopic fingerlike projections that penetrate the endometrium)

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16
Q

chorionic villi

A

microscopic fingerlike projections that penetrate the endometrium

as these develop into the placenta, they support the material fetal gas exchange

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17
Q

umbilical cord

A

connects the embryo to the placenta

consists of two arteries (carries deoxygenated blood and waste to eh placenta for exchange) and one vein (carries freshly oxygenated blood rich with nutrients froth placenta to the embryo) encased in a gelatinous substance

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18
Q

yolk sac

A

supports the embryo until the placenta is functional

also the site for early blood cell development

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19
Q

allatois

A

involved in early fluid exchange btwn the embryo and the yolk sac

surrounded by the amnion

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20
Q

amnion

A

thin, tough membrane filled with amniotic fluid, which serves as a shock absorber during pregnancy. lessening the impact of maternal motion on the developing embryo

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21
Q

gastrulation

A

further developmental process once the cell mass implacts, where the is a germination of three distinct cell layers

begins with a small invagination in the blastula, where cells cont moving toward the invagination, resulting in the elimination of the blastocoel once the two membranes merge, creating a tube thru the middle of the embryo, resulting in a GASTRULA (blastula forms into this)

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22
Q

archenteron

A

membrane invagination into the bastocoel

later develops into the gut

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23
Q

blastopore

A

opening of the archenteron

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24
Q

deuterostomes

A

ex: humans

the blastopore develops into the anus

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25
protostomes
organism where the blastopore develops into the mouth
26
primary germ layers
three layers of cells that migrate into what remains of the blastocoel
27
ectoderm
outermost layer in primary germ layers gives rise to the integument, including the epidermis, hair, nails, the epithelia of the nose, mouth, lower anal canal, lens of the eye, NS (including adrenal medulla), and inner ear
28
mesoderm
middle layer in the primary germ layers develops into several different systems including the musculoskeletal, circulatory, and most of the excretory systems gives rise to gonads, muscular, connective tissue layers of the digestive and respiratory syss and the adrenaline cortex
29
endoderm
innermost layer of the primary germ layers forms the epithelial linings of the digestive and respiratory tracts, including lungs. also pancreas, thyroid, bladder, and distal urinary tracts, parts of the liver
30
selective transcription
how cells with the same genes are able to develop into such distinctly diff cell types with highly specialized functions by using the genes needed for that particular cell type are transcribed
31
induction
related to selective transcription ability of one grp of cells to influent the fate of other nearby cells mediated by chemical substances-inducers, which diffuse from the ORGANIZING CELLS to the RESPONSIVE CELLS. the chems are responsible for processes such as the guidance of neuronal axons also ensures proximity of the different cell types that work together within an organ, share functions or have complementary functions
32
neurulation
development of the NS once the the three germ layers are formed NS derived from the ECTODERM first a rod of mesodermal cells (notochord) form along the along six of the organism like a primitive spine, which induces a grp of overlying ectodermal cells to slide inward to form neural folds, which surround a neural groove. neural folds--> fuse--> mural tube, giving rise to the CNS. tip of neural fold= neural crest cells which migrate outward to form the PNS and other tissues ectodermal cells will migrate over the neural tube and costs to cover the rudimentary NS
33
teratogens
substances that interfere with development, causing defects of even death of the developing embryo -depends on route of exposure, length, rate of placental transmission, exact identify of terotogen, and genetics of the embryo will not have the same effect on every embryo or fetus
34
zygote to gastrula, lists stages of development
zygote--> 2, 4, 8, 16 cell embryo --> morula---> blastula (blastocyst) --> gastrula
35
implantations occurs during which stage?
blastula (glastocyst) stage implantation is where the blastula moves thru the fallopian tubes to the uterus, where it burrows into the endometrium
36
specification
the initial stage of cell specializaition the cell is reversibly designated to a specific cell type followed by determination
37
determination
previously defined as the commitment of a cell to having particular function in the future. Prior to determination the cell can become any cell type even if it has already gone thru the specification after determination, the cell is irreversibley committed to a specific lineage. multiple pathways (presnece of specific mRNA and protein molecules during cell cleavage) may also occur due to secretion of specific molecules from nearby cells, morphogens which may course nearby cells to follow a particular developmental pathway
38
differentiation
cell undertaking changes that cause it to develop into the detained cell type, including change structure function, and biochmestry of cell to make the cell type
39
stem cells
cells that have not yet differentiated, or which give rise to other cells that will differentiation exist in embryonic tissues as well as adult tissues potency: the tissues that a particular step cell can different into cells with the greatest potency are totipotent and include embryonic stem cells and can ultimately differentiate into any cell type
40
totipotent
cells with the greatest potency include embryonic stem cells and can ultimately differentiate into any cell type after a few more cycles of cell division, they start to differentiate into the three germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm any cell type in the developing embryo (primary germ layers) or in extra embryonic tissues (amnion, chorion, placenta)
41
pluripotent
these cells can differentiate into any cell type except for those found in placental structures any cell type in the developing embryo (primary germ layers)
42
multipotent
cells that continue to become more specialized than pluripotent cells can differentiate into multiple types of cells within a particular group any cell type within a particular lineage (determination takes place)
43
responder
the cell that is induced surrounding tissues induce a developing cell to become a particular cell type via inducers and it secretes the signal responsive cell to be induced a responder must be competent, or able to respond to the inducing signal
44
autocine cell cell communication signals
the signal acts on the same cell that secreted the signal in the first place
45
paracrine cell cell communication signals
signals act on cell in the local area
46
juxtacrine cell cell communication singlas
signals do not usually involve diffusion, but rather feature a cell directly stimulated receptors of the adjacent cell a cell triggers adjacent cells thru direct receptor stimulation
47
endocrine cell cell communication signals
involve secreted hormones that travel thru the blood stream to a distant target tissue
48
reciprocal development
induction is not always a one way pathway. differentiation of one cell type triggers another cell type to form another cell type, which forms the whole organ
49
apoptotic blebs
during apoptosis, cell divideds into many self contained protrusions called apoptotic blebs, which can then be broken apart into apoptotic bodies, and digested by other cells then a phagocyte engulfs the apoptotic bodies recycling!
50
necrosis
process of cell death in which a cell dies as a result of injury in necrosis, internal substances can be leaked, causing irritation of nearby tissues, or even an immune response includes spilling of cytoplasmic contents
51
pyknoisis
process in apoptosis where the nucleus condeses
52
karyorrhexis
the nucleus fragmenting during apoptosis
53
regenerative capacity
the ability of an organism to regrow certain parts of the body varies from species to species
54
complete regeneration
the lost or damaged tissues are replaced with identical tissue
55
incomplete regeneration
implies that the newly formed tissue is not identical in structure or function to the tissue that has been injured or lost
56
senecence
biological aging occurs as changes in molecular and cellular structure accumulated and can occur at the cellular and organismal level
57
difference between determination and differentiation?
determination is the commitment of a cell to a particular lineage. Differentiation refers to the acutual changes that occur in order for the cell to assume the structure an function of the determined cell type
58
fetal hemoglobin (HbF)
in addition to oxygen gradients, they also include this, which exhibits a greater affinity for oxygen than does maternal hemoglobin (primarily HbA) and also assists with the transfer and retention of oxygen into the fetal circulatory system. waste material and carbon dioxide move int eh opposite direction.
59
umbilical artieries
carry blood away form the fetus toward the placenta like all other arteries the tcarry blood away form the heart
60
umbilical vien
carries blood toward the fetus from the placenta and oxygenation occurs at the placenta, so the umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood, as all veins do
61
three shunts to actively direct blood away from the lungs and liver while they develop in fetal development
foramen ovale ductus arteriosus ductus venosus
62
forament ovale
shunt that is a one way valve that connects the right atrium to the left atrium. allows blood entering the right atrium form the inferior vena cava to flow into the left atrium, instead of the right ventricle, and thereby be pumped thru the aorta into systemic circulation directly. online in adult circulation, the right side of the hear is at a higher pressure in the developing fetus than the left side, which pushes blood thru the opening. after birth this press differential reverses, shutting the foramen ovale right atrium to left bypasses lungs
63
ductus arteriosus
shunts leftover blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta the pressure differential between the right (high) and left sides of the heart pushes the blood thru this opening and into systemic circulation pulmonary artery to aorta bypasses lungs
64
ductus venosus
shunts blood returning form the placenta via the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava the liver still receive some blood supply form smaller hepatic arteries int he systemic circulation umbilical vein to inferior vena cava bypasses liver
65
parturition
vaginal childbirth accomplished by rhythmic contractions of uterine smooth muscle, coordinatied by PROSTAGLADINS and the peptide hormone OXYTOCIN.
66
ectoderm gives rise to:
integument (the epidermis, hair, nails, and the epithelia of the nose, mouth, and anal canal), the lens of the eye, and the nervous system (including the adrenal medulla)
67
the endoderm gives rise to t
epithelial lines of the digestive and respiratory tracts and parts of the liver, pancreas, thyroid, an dbladder
68
mesoderm gives rise to
musculoskeletal system, the circulatory system, the excretory system, the gonads, and the adrenal cortex
69
the neural tube forms from the ecto/meso/endoderm? the notochord forms form the ecto/meso/endoderm?
neural tube: ectoderm (also the spinal cord and brain) notochord: mesoderm
70
induction
the influence of a specific group of cells on the differentiation fo another group of cells
71
competence
ability of a cell to respond to a given inducer (not the influence of a group of organizing cells)
72
adult stem cells:
significantly less controversial compared to embryonic cstem cells, but require treatment with various transcription factors in order to induce an increased level of potency have a reduced risk of rejection if the patients own stem cells are used
73
embryonic stem cells:
are controversial because they require destruction of an embryo to harvest
74
embryogenesis, the whole process
after the first cell divisions occur, the embryo consists of a solid ball fo cells known as a morula. then a hollow center forms, creating the blastula. Finally, as the cells begin to differentiate into the three germ layers, the embryo is considered a gastrula morula --> blastula -->gastrula eMBryoGenesis!
75
t/f- in the umbilical cord, there are more VEINS than ARTERIES
FALSE!!! more ARTERIES than VEINS int he umbilical cord 2 umbilical arteries (carrying DEoxygenated blood to placenta) and 1 umbilical vein (carrying oxygenated blood from placenta)-- this makes sense common sense wise (why would it need more than 1 vein carrying oxygenate blood, right!)

biology (5 decks)

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