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Biology 12 > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

cell membrane

A

controls what goes in and out of the cell, made of phospholipids

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2
Q

mitochondria

A
  • powerhouse of the cell
  • produces ATP energy by using glucose and oxygen
  • the inner surface is called cristae and it contains enzymes that are responsible for cellular respiration and this is where energy is produced
  • inner fluid-filled space is called the matrix and it has its own DNA molecules and ribosomes that resemble those of prokaryotic cells
  • self-replicating
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3
Q

vacuole

A
  • (plant) large membrane-bound container that stores water, nutrients, and waste
  • provides structure
  • an extension of the ER membrane
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4
Q

nucleus

A

controls all cellular activities, including reproduction & contains DNA

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5
Q

nucleolus

A

dark spots in nucleus that are the sites of ribosome production

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6
Q

chromatin

A
  • a mass of threads that condense chromosomes during cell division
  • contain DNA, RNA, and proteins
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7
Q

chromosomes

A

rod-like structures that efficiently packages the cell’s DNA before cell division and control of gene expression

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8
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double membrane that controls what goes in and out of the nucleus and is a continuation of the membranes of the ER

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9
Q

centrioles

A
  • function in organizing microtubules in cell division & forms basal bodies
  • located near the nucleus
  • short cylinders with 9+0 pattern of micro-tubular triplets
  • 1 pair of centrioles lying at right angles to each other next to the nucleus
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10
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • digests food
  • formed by the Golgi apparaus
  • destoys invading bacteria
  • auto digestion of damaged cell components of mitochondria
  • breakdown of a whole cell
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11
Q

ribosome

A
  • site of protein synthesis and is made of rRNA and protein

- transports proteins to the Golgi

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12
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

produces fat & detoxifies drugs and chemicals

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13
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A
  • protein synthesis occurs here

- send raw proteins to where they are needed in cell

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14
Q

Golgi apparatus

A
  • stacks of flattened, hollow cavities enclosed by membranes
  • processes, packages, secretes proteins
  • located near to the nucleus and ER
  • each sac contains enzymes that modify proteins as they pass through
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15
Q

vesicles

A
  • small vacuoles that store nutrients

- formed by pinching off from the Golgi apparatus, or endocytosis of the cell membrane, or extension of the ER membrane

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16
Q

cell wall

A

(plant) protective barrier outside the cell membrane of plant cells

17
Q

What are the three principles of the cell theory?

A
  • all living things are made of cells
  • the cell is the basic unit of life
  • all cells come from the division of pre-existing cells
18
Q

What is the endosymbiont theory?

A

Cells started out as prokaryotic cells. At some point, a large prokaryote ingested a bacteria that could produce ATP. For some reason, it did not digest the bacteria. Over time, that bacteria became what we now know a the chloroplast

19
Q

What must a living organism be able to do?

A
  • metabolize
  • grow
  • reproduce
  • respond to stimuli
  • consume food source
  • maintain homeostasis(be able to not change significantly)
20
Q

nuclear pores

A

pores in the nucleus that allow selected molecules into and out of the nucleus & allows RNA pass into the cytoplasm

21
Q

Describe the ER

A
  • a system of membranes that form canals to transport substances
  • provides an increase in surface area where chemical reactions can occur
  • provides storage space for products synthesized by the cell
22
Q

polysomes

A

free-floating ribosomes within the cytoplasm and consists of clusters of ribosomes bunched together that produce proteins that will be used inside the cell

23
Q

Describe the fluid mosaic model

A
  • the liquid portion is composed of side by side phospholipids arranged in a bilayer(hydrophllic head + hydrophobic tail)
  • solid layer consists of a variety of proteins that are suspended or anchored at various points on its surface
  • forms a fluid sea in which the membrane is selectively permeable
24
Q

peroxisomes

A
  • single membrane organelles
  • remove hydrogen atoms from small molecules and join the hydrogen atoms to oxygen to form hydrogen peroxide and then break it down into water and oxygen
25
Q

chloroplast

A
  • (plant cells) contain pigments that give plant cells their colours
  • double membrane organelle in which photosynthesis occurs
  • fluid-filled space is called stroma that contains stacked up structures called grana that contain flattened sacs called thylakoids
  • stroma contains DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes that synthesize carbohydrates from CO2 and H2O
26
Q

chlorophyll

A
  • located within the thylakoid membranes of grana

- captures solar energy that is needed to produce carbohydrates

27
Q

cytoskeleton

A

-network of filamentous protein structure that helps maintain shape, anchor organelles, and help the organelles move as necessary
-primary constituents aremicrotubules and
microfilaments
-cytoplasm is the fluid interior

28
Q

microtubules

A

hollow, cylindrical aggregates of tube-like structures that help give the cell shape and also involved in other cell processes

  • made up of 13 rows of globular proteins arranged to form a hollow tube
  • serve in moving materials within the cell, cell movement, cytoskeleton structure
29
Q

Basal bodies

A
  • direct formation of cilia and flagella

- short structures with a 9+0 arrangement that assist in the formation of the spindle apparatus in cell division

30
Q

microfilaments

A

long, thin contractile rods that appear to be responsible for the movement of cells

  • made up of double filaments arranged in helical pattern with each filament consisting of numerous globular proteins joined together
  • serve in anchoring organells, moving organelles within the cell, cell movement, and form a part of the cytoskeleton
31
Q

Cilia

A
  • short hair-like projections that function in cell membrane (paramecium,cells of human respiratory tract)
  • consist of a membrane-bound cylinder with 9 doublet +2 arrangement of microtubules
  • doublets slide along one another to create movement
  • shorter than flagella and beat stiffly like oars in one direction
32
Q

Flagella

A
  • membrane bound cylinder with 9+2 arrangement of microtubules (same as cilia)
  • beat in undulating whip-like fashion
  • function in cell movement (eg sperm cells)
33
Q

Extracellular matrix

A 
In plant cells:
-maintain shape
-prevent water excessive uptake
-resist gravity
In animal cells:
-maintain support
-assist in adhesion 
-facilitate movement 
-form cell-to-cell communication
-potentially assist in differentiation
34
Q

secretory

A
  • package enzymes and hormones into vesicles

- go to the cell membrane and expel chemical into blood or tissue space.

35
Q

Compare animal and plant cells

A 
plant cells:     
-chloroplast
-central vacuole
-cell wall + cell membrane
-stores starch
animal cells:
-centrioles
-cilia and flagella
-cell membrane only
-stores glycogen
36
Q

What is an organelle?

A

Small bodies that have specific functions.

37
Q

Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A 
prokaryotic:
-lack true nucleus
-lack most organelles
-cell wall
eukaryotic:
-cell wall + cell membrane
-nucleus present
-membrane bound organelles
38
Q

Why would a cell want to divide?And how?

A
  • to increase surface area to volume ratio so enough SA to maintain amount of material that need to enter and exit
  • dividing, changing shape, or infolding or outfolding

Biology 12 (11 decks)

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