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Biology 12 > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three areas in respiration?

A
  • ventilation
  • gas exchange
  • cell respiration
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2
Q

What is ventilation?

A
  • breathing air in and out of the lungs

- inspiration is breathing air in and expiration is breathing air out

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3
Q

What are the steps for breathing in air?(air pathway)

A
  1. Air enters the nasal passages; hairs and cilia trap dust & debris & the air is warmed and moistened
  2. Air passes through the pharynx which is a common passage for food and air
  3. air passes through the glottis(the opening of the larynx)
  4. air passes through the larynx(voice box)
  5. air passes through the trachea which is held by cartilaginous rings in a “C” shape
  6. air passes through the bronchi which is 2 branches divided by the trachea
  7. air passes through the bronchioles which are smaller branches on the bronchus
  8. air passes through the alveoli which are small sacs surrounded by capillaries carrying deoxygenated blood and they’re lined with a film of lipoprotein to prevent the from collapsing when air leaves them
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4
Q

What are vocal cords?

A
  • in the larynx or “voice box)
  • elastic ligaments that stretch from the back to the front of the larynx at the sides of the glottis
  • vibrate when air is expelled past them through the glottis; the vibration produce sound
  • the pitch of the voice depends on the length, thickness, and degree of elaciticity of the vocal cords and tension at which they are held
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5
Q

How is the breathing rate controlled?

A
  • CO2 and H ions in the blood control the breathing rate
    1. CO2 levels in the blood increase as cells continue to produce; and the [CO2] increase until they reach a threshold level
    2. Chemoreceptors in the arteries detect the increased CO2 and H; the chemoreceptors send a signal to a breathing centre in the medulla oblongata of the brain
    3. The medulla oblongata sends a nerve impulse to the diaphragm and muscles in the rib cage
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6
Q

What are the steps of breathing in?(nerves)

A
  1. The brain sends a signal by the phrenic nerve
  2. The diaphragm contracts & lowers, while the rib cage moves up; this creates negative air pressure
  3. Air flows into alveoli and alveolar walls expand and stretch
  4. Stretch receptors in the alveoli walls detect this stretching
  5. Nerves in alveoli send signal brain to inhibit the medulla oblongata from sending its message to diaphragm and rib muscles to contract
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7
Q

What are the steps of breathing out?

A
  1. The brain receives the message to stop contract muscles
  2. An impulse is sent via the Vagus nerve to stop contracting
  3. The muscles stop contracting
  4. The diaphragm relaxes and moves upward resuming its original shape; the rib cage relaxed and moves downward and inward
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8
Q

Describe the lungs

A
  • cone-shaped organs that lie on both sides of the heart in the thoracic cavity(chest cavity)
  • the branches of the pulmonary arteries follow the bronchial tubes and form a mass of capillaries around the alveoli
  • the right lung has 3 lobes and the left left lung has 2 lobes; each of which has a bronchiole serving many alveoli
  • breathing is powered by the diaphragm, a muscle on the floor of the thoracic cavity
  • lungs are enclosed by 2 pleural membranes; 1 pleural membrane lines the chest walls, and an inner membrane lines the lung; in between is fluid which makes for an air tight seal
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9
Q

What is negative pressure?

A
  • creating negative pressure powers breathing
  • negative pressure is air pressure that is less than the pressure of the surrounding air
  • when the diaphragm contracts, the lungs will expand creating more space, allowing air to come in and thus creating negative air pressure
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10
Q

What happens to the diaphragm and the thoracic cavity when one breathes?

A
  • when the diaphragm contracts, the space within lungs increases, allowing air to come in
  • the muscles attached to the ribs, called intercostal muscles, will also contract when breathing in; this contraction pulls the ribs up and out, further increasing the space within the thoracic cavity
  • when the diaphragm relaxes, it moves up; when the intercostal muscles relax, the ribs move down and inward; this decreases the volume in the thoracic cavity and air is forced out of the lungs(expiration)
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11
Q

What is external respiration and with oxygen?

A
  • gas exchange between air(at alveoli) and blood(in pulmonary capillaries)
  • both alveoli and capillary walls are one cell layer thick and so exchange of gases is by diffusion
  • oxygen from the air in the alveoli diffuses to the red blood cells in the surrounding capillaries; occurs because of the concentration gradient
  • oxygen attaches to hemoglobin which is found in the red blood cells; the product is oxyhemoglobin; HbO2
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12
Q

What is external respiration with carbon dioxide?

A
  • a small portion of it is carried by hemoglobin(carbominhemoglobin; HbCO2) and that goes into the lungs directly and gets released and breathed out
  • most CO2 is carried as bicarbonate ions(HCO3-)
  • when it enters RBC, it combines with H+(hemoglobin HHb gives up H+ it has been carrying; Hb deoxyhemoglobin) to form H2CO3 and that gets broken down into H2O and CO2 and gets released and breathed out
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13
Q

What is internal respiration and with oxygen?

A
  • the exchange of O2 & CO2 between the blood and tissue fluid
  • both capillary and tissue walls are one cell layer thick; exchange of gases is by diffusion
  • oxygen diffuses from the systemic capillaries(blood) into tissue fluid and to the individual cell (Hb + O2; deoxyhemoglobin)
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14
Q

What is internal respiration with carbon dioxide?

A
  • tissue fluid is high in CO2; CO2 diffuses into the blood(concentration gradient)
  • CO2 is taken up by hemoglobin forming carbaminohemoglobin HbCO2
  • most of the CO2 combines with water forming carbonic acid(H2CO3), which dissociates into H+ and bicarbonate ions(HCO3-)
  • the enzyme carbonic anhydrase(present in RBC) speeds up part of the reaction
  • HCO3- leaves RBC and is carried in the plasma
  • hemoglobin Hb picks up the excess H+ and forms HHb, reduced hemoglobin
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15
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A
  • iron-containing respiratory pigment found within red blood cells
  • millions of hemoglobin molecules per red blood cell
  • increases the oxygen carrying capacity of blood
  • composed of 4 polypeptide chains connected to 4 heme groups(contain iron)
  • hemoglobin is more attracted to oxygen in cool, more basic lungs, and less attracted to oxygen in the ore acidic, warmer tissues
  • bind O2 in the lungs and release it in tissues
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16
Q

What are factors that will affect hemoglobin?

A
  • pressure; Hb takes up O2 in increasing amounts as pressure of O2 increases until 100 mm Hg
  • Hb takes up O2 more readily in low temperatures(lungs), gives O2 more readily at higher temperatures(tissues)
  • pH; Hb takes up O2 more readily in the more basic or neutral lungs, and gives it up more readily in the more acidic tissues
17
Q

What is partial pressure?

A
  • the pressure of the total pressure exerted by each gas in a mixture
  • oxygen dissociation varies under differing conditions for adult hemoglobin, fetal hemoglobin and myoglobin
18
Q

How does hemoglobin work in adults and fetus?

A
  • as hemoglobin binds to O2, its shape shifts slightly
  • with each O2 molecule attached to a heme group, the next O has an easier chance of binding; thus the curve for association shift slightly and result is a sigmoid curve
  • fetal hemoglobin also causes conformational changes as O2 binds to heme and thus its dissociation curve is also a sigmoid curve
  • fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen; this allows the fetal hemoglobin to literally pull off the oxygen from the mother’s red blood cell
19
Q

What happens to oxygen pressure in higher altitudes?

A
  • as latitude increases, the pressure of oxygen decreases; this releases the amount of O2 that can bind to hemoglobin; results in oxygen starvation –> increased pulse rate, nausea, headaches, weakness, etc.
  • in a long term situation, the body will increase RBC, myoglobin, lung surface area, vital capacity, muscle capillaries
  • oxygen concentration does not change as altitude increases

Biology 12 (11 decks)

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