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Biol 186 > the cell > Flashcards

the cell Flashcards

1
Q

what organisms are made of cells

A

all living

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2
Q

what are two facts about cells

A

only derive from other cells, share common features

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3
Q

what are the two types of microscopy

A

light and electron

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4
Q

types of light microscopy

A

phase contrast, fluorescence, differential interference

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5
Q

two types of electron microscopy

A

scanning and transmission

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6
Q

what does cell fractionation do

A

separate organelles using centrifugation

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7
Q

what are features of a prokaryote

A

lacks a nucleus, has a nucleoid instead

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8
Q

types of prokaryotes

A

bacteria and archae

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9
Q

types of eukaryotes

A

plants, animals, fungi, protists

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10
Q

basic features of cells

A

plasma membrane, ribosomes, DNA, cytosol

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11
Q

when the cell grows what happens to volume and surface area

A

surface area grows less than volume

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12
Q

function of plasma membrane

A

selective barrier that allows passage for nutrients and waste in/out of cell

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13
Q

function of nucleus

A

contains DNA, directs protein synthesis

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14
Q

what is the nuclear envelope and what is its structure

A

encloses nucleus, double membrane with pore complex

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15
Q

what is the function of the nuclear envelope

A

regulates passage of proteins, RNA, macromolcules

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16
Q

what is chromatic composed of

A

DNA + proteins

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17
Q

nucleolus function

A

synthesizes RNA

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18
Q

what are ribosomes made of

A

proteins and RNA

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19
Q

what are two types of ribosomes

A

free and bound

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20
Q

where are bound ribosomes located

A

outside of ER or nuclear envelope

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21
Q

what are the parts of the ER

A

ER = network of cisternae (sics, tubules)
ER lumen = internal compartment

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22
Q

what is important about the ER membrane

A

continuous with nuclear envelope

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23
Q

function of the smooth ER

A

calclium storage, detoxification, synthesis of lipids (steroids), metabolism of carbohydrates

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24
Q

what is detoxification

A

flushes drugs/alchohol out by adding OH and increasing solubility

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25
what is the function of the rough ER
lipid synthesis, protein synthesis (ER, golgi, lysosome, plasma membrane, secretory proteins)
26
how are proteins transported from ER
transport vesicles
27
what is an example of a secretory protein
insulin
28
what are the two faces of the golgi and their functions, what is this called, what is another function of the golgi
cis face = recieves, modifies, sorts proteins trans face = ships structural directionality synthesis of macromolecules
29
what is in lysosomes and its function
hydrolitic enzymes, digestion
30
what is phagocytosis
form of eating by engulting smaller particles, also a form of defense
31
what is autophagy
form of recyling
32
what happens during phagocytosis
lysosomes with hydrolitic enzymes fuse with fuse vacuole and enzymes digest the food
33
what are vacoules in unicellular organisms
food and contractile
34
what do contractile vacuoles do
pump excess water out of the cellh
35
types of vacuoles in plants
central and storage
36
what is stored in vacuoles in plants
pigments, proteins, hydrolytic enzymes, and organic compounds
37
what is the function of the central vacuole
major role in cell growth, absorbs water, allows cell to become larger with minimal investment in new cytoplasm
38
what do peroxisomes create and how do they create it
make hydrogen peroxide and decompose it to oxygen and water
39
function of peroxisomes
lipid catabolism --> break fatty acid chains, reduction of reactive oxygen species
40
what are special peroxisomes in plant seeds called and what do they do
glyoxysomes, store fat which is then converted to sugar
41
mitochondia parts
outer and inner membrane, intermembrane space, matrix
42
what does the intermembrane of mitochondria have and why
cristae to increase surface area
43
what occurs in the intermembrane and matrix
cellular respiration
44
parts of chloroplast
outer and inner membrane and intermembrane space
45
what is in the stroma
ribosomes and DNA
46
what occurs in the thylakoid
photosynthesis
47
types of plastids
chloroplast, amyloplast, chromoplast
48
cytoskeleton function
network of fibers that provide mechanical stability and maintenance of shape
49
what are the three types of structure in the cytoskeleton
microtubules, actin filaments, intermediate filaments
50
what are microtubules composed of
thick hollow tubes of tubulin dimers
51
function of microtubules
cell shape, cell motility, chromosome movements, organelle movements ---> serve as tracks along which organelles with motor proteins can move
52
two types of microtubules
cilia and flagella
53
flagella
sperm, undulating locomotion for unicellular organisms
54
cilia
oviduct, power/recovery stroke, movemnt of cells, signal transduction
55
what dimers are microtubules made
alpha and beta
56
what is the plus end
end where more activity takes place (growing/shrinking)
57
how are microtubules anchored
by basal body
58
what is cell motility
cytoskeleton interacting with motor proteins
59
functions of cell motility
change in cell location, bend the plasma membrane to form pseudopods, movement of cell parts
60
what causes bending
dyein motor proteins
61
what is special about microtubules and actin filaments
very dynamic: dismanteled and reasemmbles allows maintenance of cell shape and mobility
62
what are actin filaments made of
thin, 2 chains of actin proteins wove around each other
63
functions of actin filaments
muscle contraction, cell shape, cytoplasmic streaming, cell motility
64
what is cytoplasmic straming
circular flow of cytoplasm that increases distribution of materials
65
what are intermediate filaments features
tough and antiparallel, more permanent
66
where are intermediate filaments found
animals
67
types of intermediate filaments
nuclear lamina, keratin
68
cell wall function
protection, maintains shape, prevents excess water uptake
69
primary cell wall
thin and flexible
70
middle lamel
made of pectins, glues adjacent cells together
71
secondary cell wall
wood, strong and durable matrix for protection and support
72
plasmodesmata
in plants, continous cytpolasm between cells
73
plasmodesmata function
free passage of water and molecules
74
ecm function
regulates cell behaviour
75
what is ecm composed of
glycoporteins like collagen form strong fibers outside of cells, fibers embedded in network of proteoglycans, fibronectin binds to cell-surface receptor integrins
76
what do the integrins in the ecm do
signal transduction between ecm and cytoskeleton, inform on changes occurring inside and outside the cell
77
3 cell junctions in animals
gap, tight, desmosomes
78
desmosomes
intermediate filaments that adhere cells together
79
tight junctions
plasma membranes of adjacent cells pressed together tightly and bound by proteins, continous seal = prevents leakage of extracellular fluid across epithial cells
80
gap junction
cytoplasmic channels for communication

Biol 186 (7 decks)

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